Module 6 -Feed Principle In Ruminant Animals Flashcards
Amino acid contains how many percent of nitrogen
16 percent
. In an excellent protein source
High quality alfalfa
Oil seen meals that are excellent protein source in supplementation program for range cattle
Cottonseed meal
Soybean meal
Canola meal
Major carbohydrates in crude fiber of plants into products ruminant can use
Digest or breakdown cellulose
In laboratory feed evaluation, the crude protein content is estimated by measuring what?
Feed nitrogen concentration
In ruminant excess protein is broken down and used as what?
Energy source
This cattle should be feed only protein supplements containing natural protein
Cattle maintained under range forage conditions
Are frequently placed in protein supplement feed to ruminant to reduce the cost of supplementation
Non- protein nitrogen
Where do dietary protein is ingested
Rumen
Microflora uses what to synthesize microbial protein?
Nitrogen portion
Where do several microbial cells are digested
Abomasum and small intestine
Where do bypass protein (blood meal and feather meal) are digested
Abomasum and small intestine
Provide effective method for improving performance of those animals maintained on low-protein feed
By pass protein
How many major and trace minerals are required daily for normal health and well-being of grazing animals
Seven major and six trace minerals
. Remaining 20 percent of phosphorus is found where?
Where it play a major role in cell metabolism
Soft tissues
High calcium, low in phosphorus
Forage and roughage
Low calcium, high in phosphorus
Grain
Is bitter and unpalatable when fed by itself
Also shown to increase reproductive efficiency and milk production in forage fed cattle
Phosphorus
Can be extremely toxic at high levels yet under some range situation, supplementation has improved cattle performance
Trace element COPPER
increases as the level of animals activity increases
Maintenance requirement
.commonly provided by injection or through supplementation
Vitamin A
Storage of vitamin A
Liver
Percent of production cost of feed
60%
Most limiting nutrient
Energy/ calories
Most expensive nutrient
Protein
Cheapest feed ingredient
Water
Necessary to maintain a healthy rumen environment and prevent digestive upsets
Fiber (bulk)
Primary and most economical source of nutrients for sheep and goat
Pasture, forbs and browse
Tend to be in high in energy and protein when it is in a vegetative state
Pasture
During early part of grazing season they tend to be higher in protein and energy than other ordinary pasture
Browse (woody plants, vines and brush)
Forbs( weeds)
Are natural browsers and have the ability to select plants when they are at their most nutritious state.
Goat
Is the primary source of nutrients for small ruminant during the winter or non-grazing season
Tend to be a moderate source of protein and energy for sheep and goat
Hay
Tend to be higher in protein, vitamins and minerals especially calcium than grass hay.
Legume hays
Alfalfa
Clover
Lespedeza
Added when forage alone cannot provide the nutrients
Concentrate
Have been shown to increase growth weight but should not only be done to the extent that it increase profit
Creep and supplemental feeding of lamb and kid
Two types of concentrate feed
Energy and protein
Feeding a diet that is high in phosphorus and low in calcium can cause what?
Urinary calculi (kidney stones) in wethers and intact male
Proper calcium to phosphorus ratio
2:1
May enable the animals to mount greater immune response to parasites
higher level of PROTEIN in the diet
Due to its copper content it is not recommended that sheep is be feed with this for sustained periods of time
Fed broiler litter
Have an advantage in that animals cannot sort feed ingredients
Pellet rations
The most important minerals required by small ruminant
Salt
calcium
Phosphorus
Vitamins that are manufactured in rumen
Vitamin K
All B vitamin
This are free choice and Should be available to small ruminant at all times
Premix salt, vitamins and minerals
It should be feed to ewes and does during Kate gestation and lactation
Pre-choice minerals
Required higher level of copper
Goat
High level of copper can be toxic to them
Sheep
Mature animals consume how many gallons of water per day
Between ¾ to 1 ½ gallons per day
Should include a pasture and livestock enterprise budget and should support you long term goals
Short-term goals
Grow most efficiently if they are managed to maintain a 2-5 inch heigh, when plants are in the vegetative state
Clover and grass pasture
Perennial ryegrass in this phase grow very slowly because they lack leaf area for optimum photosynthesis
Phase 1
This phase growth represent minimal forage quantity but excellent forage quality
Phase 1
In this phase the plant make the most rapid and efficient growth; their leaf area is great enough to use all the sunlight falling on the area
Phase II
In this phase growth represent adequate forage quantity and quality with rapid plant growth
Phase II
In this phase pasture growth slows as lower leaves becomes shaded and die. This is the beginning of plant reproduction and slower vegetative growth and forage quality begins to decline rapidly
Phase III
content of mature grass plant
High/increase in Lignin
Palatability, protein and TDN decrease
By knowing grass stages, producers can determine what?
determine maturity
Predict quality
Improve their management practices and recommendation
Involves unelongated tillers that are only producing leaves
Vegetative stage
Internodes are starting to elongate and elevate shoot apices
Elongation stage
Inflorescences are located in the sheaths of the flag leaf
Boot stage
Inflorescences start to emerge and to expand
Heading
Flowers are shedding pollen
Anthesis
Inflorescences are fully developed and seeds are ripe
Mature seed
Is the least expensive feed for livestock
Pasture
The nutrient demand of the cow is what?
Cyclic and seasonal
Kinds of rotation grazing
Rest rotation
Deferred rotation
Management intensive grazing
Refers to broader category of grazing system
Rotational grazing
System, pastures are rested for a specific period of time. At least two to three pastures are needed in this system
Rest rotational grazing system
A particular pasture is not grazed for a specific period of time until plants reach a certain maturity level
Deferred grazing system
Can be more productive in regions where adequate soil moisture ensures regrowth of forage.
This system is utilizes small pastures where livestock are rotated form one pasture to the next after they have grazed forage down to a specific level higher or amount of forage left in a short period of time.
Rotational grazing system
Animals are moved to a new paddock in no specific oder.
Management-intensive grazing system
Too many animals on a pasture for too long can decrease pasture and livestock production, even into the next season
What phase is this?
Phase I
Too few animals can be a problem because the pasture will be underutilized, reducing feed quality and substantially lowering plant grow
Phase III
Forage in previously grazed area is allowed to rest and regrow to be grazed when forage plants reach the appropriate growth stage
What phase is this ?
Phase II
Production can be increased in what grazing system?
Management intensive grazing system
An aerial map of farm can be useful in what?
determining fencing location
Water supplies
Existing forage resources
Is essential to improved grazing management and pasture production
Proper fencing
Is most often used, offering a more permanent solution than polywire
High-tensile wire
Can be used for interior fences with good perimeter fences
One wire
Many producer have found this to be an important part of a successful intensive grazing management
Constructing solid laneway
Are often used which can provide flexibility in location and reduce the problems associated with an accumulation of nutrients such as parasite, disease , erosion and weed problem around permanent water sources
Portable water system
Is very labor intensive compared to other system
Management intensive grazing
