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Ruminant > Module 3 Management Of Ruminant Breeding Stock > Flashcards

Module 3 Management Of Ruminant Breeding Stock Flashcards

1
Q

is probably the single most important factor affecting the economics and profitability of beef cattle breeding operations.

A

Reproduction

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2
Q

what is reproduction for bulls?

A

is all about the capacity and ability to sire a large number of viable offspring in each mating year.

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3
Q

What is reproduction for cow?

A

reproduction is all about the capacity to conceive and rear a calf to weaning each year
following puberty.

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4
Q

forms the basis of livestock improvement as it allows the transfer of genetic material from one generation to the next and can greatly influence genetic gain.

A

Reproduction

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5
Q

after successful mating it follows whereby the egg is fertilized by sperm

A

conception

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6
Q

conception is followed by what? Whereby the fetus grows inside the uterus until birth/calving.

A

Pregnancy or gestation period

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7
Q

calving intervals of cow

A

365 days

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8
Q

The basic production cycle for cattle

A

9 months gestation period
Birth on grass
Calf stays with cow until weaning
Being put with peers to grow until reaching finishing weight

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9
Q

At weaning calves are giving what?

A

Given injection
Tags
Castrated
Branded

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10
Q

Most of this cow will have a calf every year until they are culled for low performance

A

Brood cows

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11
Q

Many factors influence and can impact on reproductive performance
Improved management of reproduction

A

Nutrition
Genetic selection strategies to improve profitability
Focusing selection on the economically important criteria and traits related to fertility

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12
Q

Percent of improvements in weaning rates that are possible through improving nutrition

A

5-10%

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13
Q

Reproductive function can be improved by what?

A

focusing selection on the economically important criteria and traits related to fertility.

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14
Q

Is influence by a number of independent traits

A

Reproduction performance

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15
Q

Reproductive Measures for the bulls include:

A

Physical and structural soundness
Scrotal size and sperm production capacity
Semen quality, including morphology
Serving ability/ serving capacity

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16
Q

Reproductive Measures for the cow include:

A

• weight and age at first estrous cycle
• the inter-calving interval
• lactation status at subsequent pregnancy diagnosis

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17
Q

Reproductive Measures for the breeder herd include:

A

• branding and/or weaning rates
• kilograms of calf weaned per 100 kg of cow mated.
• conception rates determined by pregnancy diagnosis (PD)

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18
Q

Limitation of reproductive measures

A

• fertility cannot be assessed directly for bulls.
• pregnancy status for cows requires skills in pregnancy diagnosis, which should be coupled with an assessment of lactation status.
• branding and weaning rates (in isolation) do not provide indications of when or where reproductive losses may be occurring.
• unless birth dates are known and a restricted joining period used, a slight ‘creep’ in inter-calving interval can often be overlooked.
• it is important to consider that these rates must be calculated for a standard or specific period of time (e.g., 12 months) to allow accurate analysis and comparison

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19
Q

Should be coupled with an assessment of lactation status.

A

Skills in pregnancy diagnosis

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20
Q

Why it is important to consider that these rates must be calculated for a standard or specific period of time (e.g., 12 months)?

A

Allow accurate analysis and comparison

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21
Q

it requires a satisfactory physical examination and minimum values for scrotal circumference, motility and morphology.

A

Satisfactory potential breeder

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22
Q

any bull not meeting minimums is classified either as?

A

Unsatisfactory potential breeder
Classification deferred

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23
Q

minimum recommended morphology of a sperm

A

70% normal cells

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24
Q

primary sperm abnormalities

A

• underdeveloped
• double forms
• acrosome defect
• narrow heads
• crater/ diadem defect acrosomal
• pear-shaped defect
• abnormal contour
• small abnormal head
• free abnormal head

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25
Q

secondary sperm abnormalities

A

• small normal heads
• giant and short broad acrosome
• free normal head
• detached, folded, loose membranes
• abaxial implantation
• distal droplet
• simple bent tail
• terminally coiled tail

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26
Q

were identified as most important culling criteria for beef bulls.

A

Physical unsoundness
Infertility

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27
Q

it is the most important trait of a bull

A

bull’s fertility

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28
Q

is an integral part of bull’s fertility. The bull’s ability to remain fertile is dependent on this

A

physical or structural soundness

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29
Q

. the way it grows often indicates structural problems higher up the legs.

A

Claws of the feet

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30
Q

may indicate too much or not enough pastern angle, causing both claws of the

A

hoof to grow or wear excessively

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31
Q

it affects the mobility and performance of the animals

A

overgrown claw

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32
Q

the feet structure should avoid this

A

overgrown, scissor or curved claws

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33
Q

overgrown, uneven claws are usually indication of what?

A

Poor limb structure or early sign of hip arthritis

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34
Q

The degree of the angle in the leg joint is less than ideal

A

sickle hocked

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35
Q

when the hocks are rotated inwards and the hooves rotated outwards

A

cow hocked

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36
Q

it should be trim and close to the body

A

sheath

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37
Q

is housed within the prepuce and sheath

A

penis

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38
Q

is the inner lining of the sheath and is pink mucosa, seen at the end of the sheath.

A

Prepuce

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39
Q

major factors influencing scrotal size

A

genotype
age
liveweight
nutrition
timing of nutritional stress

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40
Q

Common conditions that interfere with fertility and can be diagnosed by palpation of include:

A

unequal size of testicles
hardness of one or both testicles
thickened scrotal skin.
softness and flabbiness of testicles and tail of epididymis

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41
Q

Bull wastage can be due to factors that includes:

A

Structural defects resulting in lameness; inability to serve
Degenerative conditions limiting serving ability
Age structure in the bull team
Reproductive abnormalities
Infertility due to testicular degeneration
Infertility due to disease effect
Traumatic injuries due to fighting

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42
Q

Veterinarians should carry this examination

A

• Checking the bulls overall structure including legs, feet and external reproductive organ are free from defects
• Assessing the sheath, scrotum and testicle
• Measuring and recording scrotal circumference to ensure it is within the acceptable limit
• Palpating of the testicle to check for normal tone, size and function
• Collecting a semen sample and do microscopic examination

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43
Q

Sign of estrous

A

Behavioral changes
Swelling of vulva and vagina
Vaginal mucus discharge adhering to tail and legs
Abrasion of skin
Ruffling of tail hair
Increased tone in the uterus and cervix on palpation

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44
Q

The length of estrus is affected by:

A

Breed
Nutrition
Temperature stress
Age
Transport stress
Ovarian abnormalities
Uterine infection

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45
Q

Average duration of estrus

A

6-18 hours

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46
Q

The embryo leaves the fallopian tubes and enters the uterus at about how many days.

A

Six or seven days

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47
Q

Duration of pregnancy in cattle ranges from what?

A

270 to 290 days

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48
Q

Four major categories of breeder

A

Wet and pregnant
Wet and empty
Dry and pregnant
Dry and empty

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49
Q

It tends to conceive early in the season as they are in better body condition and the lactating cows conceive

A

Dry cows

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50
Q

Reproductive cycle is prolonged longer than 35-45 days after calving

A

Post-partum anestrus

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51
Q

Is the most important non-genetic factor influencing conception in beef cows.

A

Nutrition

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52
Q

Are the key determination on age at first joining

A

Growth rates

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53
Q

Five point scale for condition scoring

A

Emaciated
Thin
Moderate
Good
Fat

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54
Q

2 practical techniques in reducing energy requirement

A

To reduce the nutritional trough by the use of supplement
Weaning

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55
Q

Will be needed to sustain the young weaner so it feed the weaner so it suffer no disadvantages from having its milk supply terminated

A

Bypass protein

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56
Q

Why genetic of the herd is worthwhile

A

Cheap
Permanent
Cumulative

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57
Q

In inter-calving interval it is often be over-looked

.

A

Creep

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58
Q

Most Disease carried by bull

A

Vibriosis
Trichomoniasis
Rhinotracheitis

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59
Q

Puberty in bulls

A

18-24 months

60
Q

Calf output

A

Number of mounts
Mounts plus serves
Libido score

61
Q

Is the most important semen characteristic of a bull going into natural mating, and is an accurate forecast of his paddock fertility

A

Percentage normal sperm

62
Q

Is the most important criterion in assessing bull fertility

A

Scrotal size

63
Q

Integral part of bull’s fertility

A

Physical soundness

64
Q

This means bulls may not contribute significantly to the herd productive rate , and thus do not pass on their desirable growth or carcass traits

A

Sub-fertility

65
Q

In tropical beef it is the major factor influencing puberty

.

A

nutrition

66
Q

Desired weight of cattle

A

280-300kg

67
Q

Ovulation occurs in what hour after the end of estrous

A

10-15 hrs

68
Q

Behavioral estrus may recommence at what day?

.

A

35-45 day

69
Q

Duration of pregnancy in cattle?

.

A

270-290

70
Q

Tend to conceive early in the season as they are in better body condition

A

Dry cows

71
Q

. Ater calving the reproductive tract and ovaries of a cow should return to normal and reproductive cycle commerce

A

Post calving

72
Q

Prolonged cycling after parturition

A

Post-partum anestrus

73
Q

The single most important determining factor in reproductive management and getting cow back in calf.

A

Condition score

74
Q

Will reduce the energy requirement of the dam by almost half

A

Weaning of calf

75
Q

Involves mating period by removing the bulls from the breeding herd

A

Seasonal or Controlled mating

76
Q

Culling emphasis on what?

A

Fertility and functionality

77
Q

Occurs when one member of a gene pair masks the effect of the other member of the gene pair.

A

Complete dominance

78
Q

When there is intermediate outcome between the two effect

A

Partial dominance

79
Q

Difference of individual within a population

A

Variation

80
Q

. Is defined as proportion of superiority in a trait that is transmitted to the offspring

A

Heritability

81
Q

. Difference between the mean of those selected to be parents and the mean of all potential parents.

A

Selection differential

82
Q

This is the average age of the parents when offspring are born or in simple terms, the time interval between the same age in the life cycle of two successive generation.

A

Generation interval

83
Q

Means that large portion of young animals are introduced each year, leading to large culling of older animals

A

Short generation interval

84
Q

. Measures of genetic differences between animals, expressed as the unit for each trait in positive and negative term.

.

A

Estimated breeding values

85
Q

Dedicated software to find the best fit for all pieces of information, for all traits in question and all the animals in the analysis simultaneously

A

blup

86
Q

. Not closely related, within same breed.

A

Outbreeding

87
Q

Mating of the animals belonging to two different breed

.

A

Cross breeding

88
Q

Mating of unrelated pure breed animal

A

Out crossing

89
Q

. Is the system of breeding mostly used for genetic improvement of cattle?

A

Cross breeding

90
Q

Is the method used for genetic improvement of buffaloes

.

A

Grading up

91
Q

Is implanted into the ear.

.

A

Growth stimulating implant

92
Q

Feed additive often use on cow-calf operation

A

Antibiotics

93
Q

Is approved for treatment of bovine respiratory disease complex and prevention of anaplasmosis.

.

A

Chlortetracycline

94
Q

Are special type of medical feed additives called ionophores

A

Monensin
Lasalocid

95
Q

Its mode of action is to change the microbial population of the rumen. Selective against certain bacteria and protozoa.

A

Ionophores

96
Q

Commonly found in feedlots

A

Monensin

97
Q

Commonly used in cow-calf and stocker operation

A

Lasalosid

98
Q

Dewormers available as top-dresser

A

Anthelmintics

99
Q

As feed additive to suppress horn flies

A

Larvacides

100
Q

Stops the normal hormone production sequence that produces estrus

A

Melengestrol acetate

101
Q

. New to feedlot cattle increase lean disposition and weight gain

A

Beta-agonist

102
Q

Sustaining a higher ruminal PH under concentrate feeding to prevent sub-acute acidosis,
.

A

Direct fed microbial

103
Q

Are structures that are moderately heritable

.

A

Leg and foot

104
Q

Why is it that scrotal size is a useful criterion for assessing bull fertility

A

It is easily measured and is repeatable,
It is related to a bull’s own fertility,
Finally, it is genetically correlated

105
Q

It is examined under a microscope to assess factors such as volume, color, density and motility.

A

Crush side

106
Q

Is the sexual desire of male to serve a receptive female.

A

Libido

107
Q

Part of the breeding soundness examination enables farmers to first identify bulls that are able to serve while reducing the risk of bull failure in single sire mating. It is also a measure of the sex drive
.

A

Serving capacity test

108
Q

Puberty in bulls is achieved in how many months

A

14-18 months

109
Q

Factors influencing when bulls reach puberty include:

.

A

Genetics effects
Nutritional influences

110
Q

Often have fat deposits in the neck of the scrotum

.

A

Bulls fed on grain diets
Those having surplus protein and energy

111
Q

Can produce swelling of the joint capsule of the hocks in some bulls.

A

Grain diets

112
Q

Reproductive in females is hormonally driven and influence by what?

A

Nutrition
Genetics
Management factor

113
Q

Puberty in female define as what
As the age at first estrous when ovulation also occurs/onset of sexual maturity
115
116.

A

. Average duration of estrus
6-18 hrs

114
Q

The exact timing of different breeding activities will depend on what?

A

Location
Seasonal condition
Management system

115
Q

At peak lactation a cow will need up to how many energy and protein ?

A

Twice energy she does as a dry cow and up to three times the protein

116
Q

This can place the lactating cow under such stress that she has difficulty in maintaining nutrient supply for reproductive function with a consequent reduction in fertility. In some cases the cow may even die as hormonal regulation

A

Nutritional demand and nutritional availability

117
Q

Are naturally correlated with pasture quality and availability In younger cattle

A

Growth rate

118
Q

The best practical assessment of nutritional needs of reproducing beef cows

A

Assessing changes in body condition score

119
Q

. Options to achieve good body condition score

A

Supplementation
Grazing management and adjustment of stock rate
Paddock rotation
Weaning to reduce nutritional demand for the breeder

120
Q

Are the most economical means available supplements

A

Protein supplement especially non-protein nitrogen supplement such as urea-based mixes

121
Q

Is the most practical form of supplementation of the breeder cow

A

Weaning

122
Q

Are the most difficult breeders to get back in calf as they are still growing as well as producing milk

A

First-calf heifers

123
Q

Maiden heifer with additional protein in the later stages of their pregnancy will improve conception rates after they calves.

A

Spike -feeding

124
Q

. This is the difference between the mean of those selected to be parents and the mean of all potential parents.

A

Selection differential

125
Q
  1. Is the average age of parents when their offspring are born or in simple terms, the time interval between the same age in the life cycle of two successive generation.

.

A

Generation interval

126
Q

This process has limited use in achieving improvement in most production traits and it has minimal value in selecting for cascass traits. It can also used to asses phenotype and this also happens in isolation from knowledge of the environment effects that the animals has undergone

A

Visual selection

127
Q
  1. The solution provides the best estimate of the genetic merit of the animals
A

Best linear unbiased prediction

128
Q
  1. This program that provides a genetic description of cattle for a range of traits in the major are of growth, carcass performance, and fertility. It is where common sire linkages occur with other groups, comparison can be made across groups.
A

Breed plan

129
Q
  1. Allows comparison of animals across herd-most reported EBV
A

GROUP BREED PLAN

130
Q

Have proved a good guide to the performance of animals in a commercial herd enterprise.

A

Breed plan EBV’s

131
Q

Describe the profitability of animals based on the summation of their individual traits or EBVs.
markers

A

Index selection results

132
Q

. Can be used to customized a selection index for the producer’s particular situation

A

.
Breed Object

133
Q

Is an amalgamation of all available EBVs using appropriate weighting calculated for individual beef producers in different environment, targeting different market .

A

Index selection

134
Q

They give the industry the potential to identify and select animals for specific traits at an early age.

A

Gene marking

135
Q

It lowered production in terms of milk yield and fat %, increased susceptibility to disease resulting in more mortality.

A

Inbreeding

136
Q

Breeding the farm animals which are not closely related withing the same breed . Most popular in breeding the dairy herds.

A

Out breeding

137
Q

Mating of the unrelated pure breed animals within the same breed.

A

Out crossing

138
Q

Mating of the animals belonging to two different breeds.

A

Cross breeding

139
Q
  1. Offers maximum individual heterosis and maternal heterosis

.

A

Triple crossing

140
Q

Are often used for very temporary identification

A

Paint brands and stick on tags

141
Q

Is widely used by breed registry association and cowherd performance testing program as a method of a permanent identification

A

Ear tattoo

142
Q

Is second in use to the ear tattoo as a permanent means of individual animal identification usually applied with a hot iron

A

Number brand

143
Q

Most widely used method of temporary identification

A

Soft-type plastic ear tags

144
Q

Bloodless methods of castration

A

Emasculating or clamping
Elastration

145
Q

Is the practice of providing supplemental feed, usually grain, to nursing calves in a facility that prohibits the brood cow from having access to the feed.

A

Creed feeding

Ruminant (8 decks)

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