Module 1 Characteristics Of Ruminants Flashcards
Examples of ruminant animals
Cattle, sheep, goat, buffalo, deer, elk, giraffes and camels
is the largest section and the main digestive center. Most important stomach of ruminant
Rumen
Where do the partially chewed grass goes into where it is stored and broken down into balls of “cud”.
Large rumen
Percentage of immature ruminant stomach
Rumen- 25% reticulum-5% omasum -10% abomasum-60%
Percentage of mature ruminant stomach
Rumen-80% reticulum-5% omasum- 8% abomasum- 8%
Cloven hooves
Artiodactyl
Microorganism in rumen
Bacteria, yeast, protozoa, fungi
Order of ruminant
Artiodactyla
Suborder of ruminant
Ruminantia
Ruminant digestive system
Mouth,
esophagus,
four compartment stomach,
pancreas,
gall bladder,
small intestine,
large intestine
The cattle number of prehensile bites to harvest forage while grazing each day.
25,000 to more than 40,000
Liters of saliva secreted per day
110-180 liters a day
Saliva function
Aids in chewing and swallowing, contains enzymes for breakdown of fat (salivary lipase) and starch (salivary amylase), and is involved in nitrogen recycling to the rumen. To buffer pH levels in the reticulum and rumen.
A mature cow produces up to how many quarts of saliva per day.
50-80 quarts daily
carry substances down the esophagus to the reticulum.
Muscle contractions and pressure
Forages and feeds mix with saliva containing what? when consumed, to form a bolus.
Sodium, potassium, phosphate, bicarbonate, and urea
Buffer PH of cattle
.
8.4
The esophagus functions in ruminant
Bidirectionally in ruminants, allowing them to regurgitate their cud for further chewing, if necessary.
It is When forage and other feedstuffs are forced back to the mouth for further chewing and mixing with saliva. This cud is then swallowed again and passed into the reticulum.
Rumination or “chewing the cud”
It is where most of the liquid portion rapidly moves
Reticulorumen
The solid portion left behind in the rumen typically remains for up to how many hours and forms a dense mat in the rumen, where microbes can use the fibrous feedstuffs to make precursors for energy.
48
True ruminants that have one stomach and four compartments
Cattle, sheep, goats, deer, and antelope
The ruminant stomach occupies almost how many percent of the abdominal cavity, filling nearly all of the left side and extending significantly into the right side.
75 percent filling nearly all of the left side and extending significantly into the right side.
The rumen can hold up about how many gallons in a mature cow?
40 gallons
The reticulum can hold up about how many gallons in a mature cow?
5
The omasum can hold up about how many gallons in a mature cow?
15
The abomasum can hold up about how many gallons in a mature cow?
7
Function of microbes
Ferment and breakdown plant cell wall into their carbohydrates fractions and produce volatile fatty acids.
Microbes also produce what kind of vitamin
Vitamin B and K and amino acid
is called the “honeycomb” because of the honeycomb appearance of its lining, It sits underneath and toward the front of the rumen, lying against the diaphragm.
Reticulum
The main function of the reticulum.
Collect smaller digesta particles and move them into the omasum, also traps and collects heavy/dense objects
is sometimes called the “paunch.” It is lined with papillae for nutrient absorption and divided by muscular pillars into the dorsal, ventral, caudo-dorsal, and caudoventral sacs.
Rumen
Alternative molecule in rumen
Nitrate, sulfate and sulfur
About how many percent of starch and soluble sugar consumed is digested in the rumen.
50-65%
Rumen PH level
6.2-6.8
Function of Rumen microorganism
Digest cellulose from plant cell walls
Digest complex starch,
Synthesize protein from nonprotein nitrogen
Synthesize B vitamins and vitamin K
Gases produce in rumen
Carbon dioxide, methane, and hydrogen sulfide.
is spherical and connected to the reticulum by a short tunnel. It is called the “many plies” or the “butcher’s bible” in reference to the many folds or leaves that resemble pages of a book. These folds increase the surface area, which increases the area that absorbs nutrients from feed and
water. Water absorption occurs.
Omasum
abomasum produces what?
Hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes, such as pepsin (breaks down protein), and receives digestive enzymes secreted from the pancreas, such as pancreatic lipase (breaks down fats).
PH of abomasum
3.5-4
Ph level of small intestine its feet long and gallon capacity
2.5 to between 7 and 8. 150 feet long 20 gallon capacity
large intestine its feet long and gallon capacity
3 feet long 2 gallon capacity
is secreted into the first section of the small intestine, the duodenum, to aid in digestion.
Bile from gall bladder
Is a large blind pouch at the beginning of the large intestine
Cecum
is the site of most of the water absorption in the large intestine.
Colon
in these young animals is formed by muscular folds of the reticulum. It shunts milk directly to the omasum and then abomasum, bypassing the reticulorumen.
Esophageal groove
Lengthen and decrease in numbers as part of rumen development.
Rumen papillae
Too much legumes
Bloat
Too much grain
Acidosis
Process of digestion in ruminant
Food intake and chewing
The chewed cud moves to the rumen
The partially digested feed progresses to the reticulum
The omasum role is primarily to reduce the water content of the digesta
The abomasum often term as true stomach
Finally, the digested nutrient reach the small and large intestine.
Volume compromise of omasum stomach?
12%
Volume compromise of rumen and reticulum stomach?
84%
Volumes compromises of abomasum stomach?
4%
Microbes can use this to make precursor energy
Fibrous feedstuff
Rumen environment is what?
Anaerobic
Differences of acetate, propionate and butyrate
Acetate-fat synthesis
Propionate-glucose synthesis
Butyrate-carbohydrates synthesis
Immature ruminants are not allowed to access to this feed
Feeds containing non-protein nitrogen such as urea
