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Ruminant > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

The single most economically viable traits of livestock in a sustainable system, can be positively influenced by proper management likewise hindered by poor practice.

A

Ability to reproduce

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2
Q

Of all the major livestock species they have the greatest potential for advancement in reproductive efficiency.

A

Goat and sheeps

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3
Q

Is defined as being low input and often utilizing larger tracts of land

A

Extensive production

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4
Q

Is one of the primary differences in intensive versus extensive production

A

Reproductive management

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5
Q

Will generate larger lamb and kid crops but an added production cost.
Lambing and kidding generally occurs in a facility or small paddock under daily management.

A

Intensive operation

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6
Q

Is typically more precise in intensive management and often include PEDIGREE, HEALTH, PERFORMANCE INFORMATION AND DATES FOR BREEDING, LAMBING)KIDDING AND WEANING OF individual animals.

A

Record keeping

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7
Q

Are typically more higher in intensive management but the adoption of technology to improve efficiency is also more prevalent in this system

A

Labor output

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8
Q

Usually focuses on group of animals as opposed to the individual.
Ewes and nannies often give birth outside and under limited supervision.

A

Extensive production

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9
Q

Have both approximately 39 million sheep

A

Tropical Sudan and temperate New Zealand

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10
Q

Australia primarily arid and semi-arid have how many million of sheep?

A

95 million

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11
Q

Throughout the world sheep production can vary from what?

A

from strictly pastoral systems ( to)
Nomadic production (to)
Total confinement

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12
Q

in some extensive production systems, a female sheep or goat is manage to produce how many offspring?

A

3-5 offspring in their lifetime

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13
Q

Some intensive production systems may produce how many offspring?

A

3-5 offspring per breeding female annually

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14
Q

Differentiate extensive and intensive production system

A

Intensive operation will generate larger lamb and kid crops, but an added production cost.
Extensive usually focuses on group of animals as opposed to the individual.
Extensive production systems -3-5 offspring lifetime
Intensive production systems -3-5 offspring per breeding female annually

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15
Q

Four main breeding system commonly employed in the goat and sheep industry

A

Hand mating
Pen breeding
Artificial insemination
Out-of-season breeding

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16
Q

This method involves selecting the buck/ram for the doe/ewe and mating them. This method has the advantage of allowing the exact breeding recorded. However quite labor intensive, requiring the manager to accurately identify the doe/ewe in heat and facilitate in mating.

A

Hand mating

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17
Q

In pen breeding the buck/ram is put in a pen of does/ewe in heat to facilitate their mating this method relies on the male to detect females in heat. It is significantly less labor intensive when compare to hand breeding

A

Pen breeding

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18
Q

A yearling male should be placed with how many females?

A

10-25 females

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19
Q

A mature male can be placed with how many females?

A

15-40

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20
Q

Offers the advantage of introducing superior genetics cost effective

A

Artificial insemination

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21
Q

Currently the most reliable results of artificial insemination in goats and sheeps are obtained by what?

A

Inseminating trans-cervically with fresh semen

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22
Q

The most reliable though costly method involves using artificial lighting

A

Out of season breeding

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23
Q

During winter months male and female does and ewes exposed to how many hours of light?

A

20 hours of light for 60 days

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24
Q

To ensure prevention of production losses due to infertility, a breeding soundness examination should be performed in the what day?

A

30-60 days prior to the breeding season

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25
Q

Various factor that can determine when and how often operations choose to lamb or kid.

A

Available labor
Breed
Seasonality
Available forage
Targeted market

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26
Q

Once a year mating is referred to as what?

A

Annual production

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27
Q

Alternate forms of production

A

Opportunistic and accelerated schemes

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28
Q

Is the most common practice in sheep and goat production.

A

Once a year mating or annual

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29
Q

Typically offers conditions that are most conductive to lamb/kid survival

A

Springtime

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30
Q

Can be described as bucks or billies being with females year-round. This scheme, usually more extensive in production style, is a reduce labor alternative for some producers and survival of offspring can often be dictated by climatic events.

A

Opportunistic production

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31
Q

In this system of production it becomes more challenging for the producer’s to determine variation in ewe or doe fertility, and this the practice of culling is typically not regimented.

A

Opportunistic production

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32
Q

The 2 most common accelerated programs.

A

8 months and STAR

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33
Q

Is the simpler among two methods of accelerated programs. Typically there is a predetermined schedule of joining males with females twice during a more natural breeding season and once during the aseasonal period

A

8 months accelerated cycle

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34
Q

Allow approximately 90 days for lactation and rebreeding to occur.

A

Short one-cycle window

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35
Q

Is slightly more demanding on the ewes with a maximum number of births per ewe per year of 1.67 versus 1.5 in an 8-months

A

STAR method

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36
Q

Three groups of star that are manage simultaneously

A

Breeding and gestation period
Lambing and lactation group
Weaned lamb group

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37
Q

In the star system breeding of GROUP 1 occurs simultaneously with lambing in Group 2, which happens five times per year at how many days intervals?

A

73 days intervals

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38
Q

Breeding occurs how many times during the natural breeding season of sheep?

A

Three times

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39
Q

Breeding occurs how many times during aseasonal period?

A

Twice

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40
Q

Tropically developed hair sheep breeds, which originated closer to the equator and thus experience minimal day length changes and well-suited in what kind of production systems?

A

Accelerated cycles

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41
Q

Numerous factors influence reproduction in sheep and goats

A

Nutritional status
Genetic potential
Age
Season

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42
Q

Are examples of programs that analyze data and generate estimated breeding values for various economically relevant traits, including production

A

Sheep genetics (AUSTRALIA)
SHEEP IMPROVEment LIMITED (new Zealand)
Signet ( united Kingdom)

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43
Q

Is the percentage of lambs produced compared to the number of ewes or does exposed to males.

A

Lamb crop

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44
Q

Is often the measuring stick for the annual success of an operation, but may be impacted by many other factors than simply reproduction.

A

Lamb crop

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45
Q

Are generated within contemporary groups as a way of eliminating environment factors.

A

EBVs

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46
Q

Can allow for quicker genetic progress than simply selecting replacement form large litters

A

Selecting rams with improved lamb crop

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47
Q

It is critical to track this to accurately predict genetic potential

A

Multigenerational pedigrees

48
Q

Difference between fertility and fecundity

A

Fertility is the ability of animals to reproduce whole an fecundity is the number of offspring an animal produces as a result of mating.

49
Q

Is often correlated to the timing of puberty in sheep and goats, as those that reach puberty quicker tend to remain more fertile throughout their lifetime.

A

Fertility

50
Q

Found in the Booroola Merino sheep was the first gene identified that is related to fecundity in sheep. It is a single gene trait that greatly increases the prolificacy of sheep.

A

FecB mutation to the BMPR-1B gene

51
Q

Increases lambing rate by 100% and two copies increase lambing rate by 200% or more.

A

A single copy of the FecB allele

52
Q

Are prominently found in Belclare, Romney, and Lacaune breeds

A

BMP15 gene

53
Q

Is imperative for a female to become pregnant and raise her offspring.

A

Proper body condition

54
Q

Will be disadvantage for maintaining her own condition and should be culled

A

Ewe with broken mouth

55
Q

Residual knots and abscesses exist indicates what? present in a prior lactation the female should be considered for culling.

A

Mastitis

56
Q

Is particularly important to both meat and diary production

A

Udder quality

57
Q

For various abortion-causing diseases may also be a beneficial practice, particularly in more intensive production where there will be considerable contact among animals during the birthing season.

A

Vaccination

58
Q

During gestation may be needed to control aborting agents when a vaccine is not available or is not fully effective.

A

Oral or injectable antibiotics

59
Q

Is a general term for increasing plane of nutrition to females for 2-6 weeks prior to breeding.
This strategy can increase ovulation and subsequently embryonic survival

A

Flushing

60
Q

Are seasonally anestrous

A

Rams or bucks

61
Q

BSE should be be recommended to conduct in what day? to allow enough time for a follow up BSE in 30 days

A

60 days before breeding season

62
Q

Enlargement of the epididymis is a sign of what?

A

Ovine Epididymis from a Brucella Ovis infection.

63
Q

Testicular minimum threshold recommendation cm circumference measurements of young and mature rams and bucks

A

Young rams -30 cm circumference
Mature bucks- 33 cm circumference

64
Q

Is highly correlated with semen production and fertility.

A

Testicular size

65
Q

Should be collected and evaluated for sperm motility and morphology

A

Semen sample

66
Q

Equipment used to collect semen sample

A

Artificial vagina and electro-ejaculator

67
Q

Percent of semen being motile to be considered as satisfactory

A

30%

68
Q

Percent of sperm morphology and shape to be considered as satisfactory

A

50%

69
Q

The breeding window should set approximately at how many months?

A

5 months

70
Q

Gestation ranges of sheep and goats

A

145-155 days

71
Q

Difference of single sire and multi sire mating

A

Single sire mating is one male per breeding group of females, ensures that a mating results in offspring with a desired pedigree.
While multi sire mating generally results in a greater pregnancy rate.

72
Q

The estrous cycle of ewe last for how many days

A

17 days

73
Q

The estrous cycle of doe last for how many days?

A

21 days

74
Q

It is common to leave the males in a minimum of how many days to ensure that each female has had two periods of estrus.

A

34-42 days

75
Q

Generally are seasonally polyestrous, a short-day breeder

A

Sheep and goats

76
Q

It is secreted by pineal gland

A

Melatonin

77
Q

Is one of strategy to capture a higher value for offspring.

A

Aseasonality or out of breeding season

78
Q

Hair breeds that tends to be more reproductively aseasonal

A

Ancestry form Merino and Dorsets

79
Q

Are goats breeds noted for their ability to experience estrous cycle year-round or have an extended breeding season.

A

Boer, Pygmy, and Creole

80
Q

Of the diary breeds is the least seasonal however have been shown to experience an anestrous period when exposed to a temperate photoperiod.

A

Nubian

81
Q

Tend to experience a transitionary period

A
82
Q

tend to experience a transitionary period between anestrous/anovulatory periods and seasonal estrous where spontaneous estrus can occur, especially when exposed to a male (Buck Effect).

A

Goat

83
Q

In less seasonal breeds, this can stimulate estrous cycles during the entire anestrous period

A

Buck Effect

84
Q

can often lead to higher valued offspring as lamb and kids are being produced and sold when supply is low.

A

Aseasonal reproduction

85
Q

Several management tools that can be utilized to induce aseasonal reproduction in sheep and goats

.

A

• Light exposure protocols and/or melatonin treatment
• Exogenous progesterone via oral or intravaginal devices for a period of 11-14 days (sheep) or 18- 21 days (goats)
• Reintroduction of males to females
• Female nutritional status
• Genetic selection for out of season reproductive capability

86
Q

have been effective at inducing estrus in females as well as increasing testicular size and sexual activity in males.

A

Light exposure protocols and/or melatonin treatment

87
Q

are common methods to supply progesterone to sheep and goats. It is common to provide prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2-α) or
gonadotropins immediately following exogenous progesterone supplementation to induce the onset of estrus.

A

Progesterone impregnated sponges or Controlled Intravaginal Drug Releasing (CIDR) devices

88
Q

is important for out of season pregnancy rates.

A

Reintroduction of males to females

89
Q

is pheromone-induced estrus in anestrous females.

A

Ram effect

90
Q

is a vasectomized male, prior to breeding as females tend to be more fertile the second cycle after introduction to males and thus a tighter breeding window can be achieved for the group.

A

Teaser

91
Q

Undernourished ewes are at risk for several issues including?

A

pregnancy toxemia,
small and/or weak lambs
decreased milk production
a compromised immune system

92
Q

are a major issue for most sheep and goat producers in the world.

A

Internal parasites

93
Q

occurs when the parasite cannot complete its lifecycle outside of the animals.

A

periparturient rise in parasites

94
Q

reproductive traits are lowly heritable ranging from what and thus breeding for aseasonality can
take several generations of selection.

A

0.05 to 0.15

95
Q

Parturition signals round worms

A

Haemonchus contortus

96
Q

The ideal time period to ultrasound ewes/does for pregnancy and litter size

A

between 50- and 90-days gestation

97
Q

allows farmers to better supply the appropriate nutritional support to pregnant versus open females.

A

Pregnancy determination

98
Q

are often culled or allowed to lamb out of season and managed in a separate flock or herd.

A

Open ewe

99
Q

This provides a much more sanitary environment for lambing as fluid and feces caught in the wool may lead to fly strike.

A

Shearing and crutching

100
Q

allows for a cleaner lambing environment while still offering protection to the ewe from harsh weather until later in the spring when cold temperatures are not as frequent.

A

Crutching

101
Q

will result in a cleaner wool clip and will also stimulate the appetite of the ewe, which is beneficial during late gestation and lactation.

A

Shearing

102
Q

are most susceptible to death loss.

A

Neonates

103
Q

the practice of having ewes or does give birth outside of a confined facility or paddock without continual human supervision. This can be in a pasture of any size or on the open range, such as flocks grazing communal land.

A

Range lambing/kidding

104
Q

usually leaves the female under limited to no supervision during birth, so females must be selected for natural maternal instinct.

A

Range lambing/kidding

105
Q

allows for protection from the elements and predators. Feed, labor, and facilities are all required for shed lambing, assisting with difficult births and helping lambs and kids nurse if required.

A

Shed lambing/kidding

106
Q

allows for better record keeping and productivity of dams and offspring can be easily quantified.

A

Shed lambing/kidding

107
Q

Once females have given birth, they are moved to a “jug”, what is the measurement of a jug?

A

1.5 x 1.5 m pen

108
Q

Is use to aide in the bonding and nursing process.

A

Jug

109
Q

Dams and offspring will remain in the jug for how many hours to allow
offspring to nurse and gain strength.

A

24-48 hours

110
Q

have been developed that are very effective at rearing large numbers of lambs or kids with limited labor resources.

A

Automated milking machines

111
Q

allows the dam to recover her body condition in time to breed the following season.

A

Weaning

112
Q

when can a lamb/kid be wean?

A

Early as 5 weeks to greater than 6 months.

113
Q

Factors that can influences weaning time

.

A

marketing goals of the offspring, size, condition of the dam, risk of predation, and facilities available.

114
Q

Most producer target when weaning

A

60-90 days of age 20 kg

115
Q

peak lactation of the commercial ewe (non-dairy)

A

between 21 and 30 days

116
Q

The practice of offering grain to lambs/kids that have not yet been weaned, can help the eventual transition off of milk to a post-weaning diet and can reduce stress at weaning time.

A

Creep feeing

Ruminant (8 decks)

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