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ANAT 471 > Module 6: Development of the Urinary and Genital Systems > Flashcards

Module 6: Development of the Urinary and Genital Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Urinary system

A

-consists of kidneys, bladder, ureters, and urethra

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1
Q

Genital system

A

-includes external genitalia and internal organs including gametes and hormone producing gonads

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2
Q

What does the intermediate mesoderm form

A

-kidneys and genitals

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3
Q

When does the urogenital ridge first appear

A

-week 4

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4
Q

What is urogenital ridge derived from

A

-intermediate mesoderm

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5
Q

Divisions of the urogenital ridge

A

-genital ridge
-nephrogenic ridge

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6
Q

Genital ridge

A

-will develop into genital system

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7
Q

Nephrogenic ridge

A

-will form the urinary tract

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8
Q

3 kidney systems

A

-pronephros
-mesonephros
-metanephros

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9
Q

Pronephros

A

-first and most cranial
-develops in the cervical region

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10
Q

When does development of the pronephros begin

A

-week 4

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11
Q

Mesonephros

A

-formed during regression of pronephros
-develops in thoracic and lumbar regions

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12
Q

When is the mesonephros functional

A

-weeks 4-12

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13
Q

Mesonephros regression

A

-regresses in females but remnants go on to form several structures of male genital system

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14
Q

When does mesonephros dissapear by

A

-month 4

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15
Q

Metanephros

A

-permanent kidney
-replaces the primitive urinary system of the mesonephros

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16
Q

When does the metanephros appear

A

-week 5

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17
Q

When does metanephros become functional

A

-week 12

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18
Q

Pronephros devlopment stages

A

-duct formation
-duct degeneration

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19
Q

Pronephros duct formation

A

-nephrotomes begin to appear in nephrogenic ridge
-vesicles link with eachother forming a pronephric duct
-pronephric duct grows toward sacral end of embryo to reach and open into cloaca

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20
Q

Pronephros duct degeneration week

A

-week 4

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21
Q

Pronephros duct degeneration

A

-pronephric part of neprogenic ridge and pronephric duct regress
-remainder of pronephric duct is referred to as mesonephric duct

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22
Q

Mesonephros components

A

-mesonephric tubules
-mesonephric duct

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23
Q

Mesonephric tubules

A

-associated with glomeruli and drain into mesonephric duct

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24
Q

What happens during pronephros degeneration

A

-mesonephric tubules develop, lateral ends fuse with and open into wolffian duct

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25
Q

Lateral end of mesonephric tubules

A

-fuses with wolffian duct and forms tubules of nephron

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26
Q

When is temporary excretion pathway formed

A

-week 4

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27
Q

Medial end of mesonephric tubules

A

-small glomerular vessels grow off aorta towards these ends to form glomerulus
-these lengthen rapidly to form S shaped loop and bowmans capsule

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28
Q

How is urine excreted until week 12

A

-fetus swallows it and it is recycled by kidneys
-placenta is responsible for all excretion, not kidneys

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29
Q

Metanephros development

A

-mesonephric duct develops epithelial outgrowth called ureteric bud which continues to grow into metanephric tissue

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30
Q

Metanephric system components

A

-collecting system
-excretory system

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31
Q

What interaction is essential for development of metanephric system

A

-interaction between ureteric bud and metanephric tissue

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32
Q

Metanephric collecting system

A

-consists of collecting tubules within the kidneys, major and minor calyces and ureters

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33
Q

Metanephric excretory system

A

-consists of nephrons

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34
Q

Steps of development of the collecting system

A

-penetration
-division
-formation

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35
Q

Penetration of the collecting system

A

-ureteric bud penetrated metanephric tissue and dilates to form primitive renal pelvis and major calyces

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36
Q

Division of the collecting system

A

-each major calyx forms 2 new buds, which continually subdivide until 12 generations of tubules have developed

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37
Q

Formation of the collecting system

A

-of the 12 generations of tubules
-generations 2-4 form minor calyces
-generations 5-12 elongate to form renal pyramids and collecting tubules

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38
Q

Ureter duplication

A

-when ureteric bud splits too early
-2 ureters or 2 renal pelvises connecting to 1 ureter may result

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39
Q

Ureter duplication symptoms

A

-often goes undetected but may present with symptoms of a urinary tract infection

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40
Q

Development of excretory system steps

A

-nephric vesicles
-nephrons
-bowmans capsule
-tubules and loop of henle

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41
Q

Nephric vesicles excretory system

A

-each collecting duct is covered with metanphric tissue which induces formation of nephric vesicles
-which will then develop into nephric tubules

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42
Q

Excretory system nephrons

A

-capillaries grow into neprhic tubules and differentiate into glomeruli
-glomeruli within tubules form nephrons

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43
Q

Excretory system bowmans capsule

A

-proximal end of each nephron forms bowmans capsule

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44
Q

Excretory system tubules and loop of henle

A

-distal end of each nephron forms proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, and distal convoluted tubule

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45
Q

Ascent of the kidney weeks

A

-weeks 6-9

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46
Q

Ascent of the kidney

A

-metanephric kidneys initially lie close to eachother in pelvic cavity but then move to posterior abdominal wall and further apart

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47
Q

What is ascent of the kidney caused by

A

-growth of lumbar and sacral regions

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48
Q

Rotation of the kidney

A

-medial rotation which brings kidney hilus to face medially

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49
Q

Ectopic kidney

A

-abnormal location of one or both kidneys

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50
Q

Urorectal septum

A

-separates urogenital tract and hindgut

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51
Q

Cloaca

A

-shared end of urogenital tract and hindgut

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52
Q

Derivatives of the urogenital sinus

A

-urinary bladder portion
-urethral (pelvic) portion
-phallic (flattened) portion

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53
Q

Urinary bladder portion of the urogenital sinus

A

-largest part
-initially continuous with allantois and later becomes median umbilical ligament

54
Q

Urethral (pelvic) portion of urogenital sinus

A

-gives rise to prostatic and membranous urethra in male, and female urethra

55
Q

Phallic (flattened) portion of urogenital sinus

A

-gives rise to clitoris and penis

56
Q

Derivatives of mesonephric duct

A

-ureters
-in males, ejaculatory ducts
-in females, degenerates

57
Q

What is mesoderm of vagal trigone replaced with

A

-endodermal epithelium

58
Q

What is the epithelium of urethra

A

-endodermal

59
Q

What is smooth muscle tissue surrounding urethra derived from

A

-visceral mesoderm

60
Q

What forms prostate gland in males

A

-epithelium of prostatic urethra

61
Q

Structures of the genital system

A

-gonads
-genital ducts
-external genitalia

62
Q

Gonads

A

-responsible for producing gametes and sex hormones

63
Q

Genital ducts

A

-function to transport gametes through the genital system

64
Q

External genitalia

A

-protect internal genital tract from infection, act as sensory tissues during sexual intercourse and assist in urination

65
Q

Indifferent stage

A

-period preceding sexual differentiation when no differences can be observed between genetic male and female embryos

66
Q

When does the indifferent stage last until

A

-week 7

67
Q

Primordial germ cells

A

-development of testes and ovaries relies on induction from these

68
Q

Where do primordial germ cells originate

A

-in epiblast and migrate through primitive pit to reside in genital ridges

69
Q

Migration of primordial germ cells important weeks

A

-week 3
-week 6

70
Q

Week 3 of primordial germ cell migration

A

-migrate from epiblast through primitive pit and reside in wall of yolk sac, close to allantois

71
Q

Week 6 of primordial germ cell migration

A

-migrate along dorsal mesentery and invade genital

72
Q

Primitive sex cords

A

-form from genital ridge epithelium and precursor to cords in the testis or cortical cords

73
Q

SRY gene

A

-what determines whether testes or ovaries are developed found on the chromosome and triggers development of testes
-not present in females

74
Q

Development of the testes steps

A

-presence of SRY
-rete testis
-AMH and testosterone
-seminferous tubules

75
Q

Development of the testes presence of SRY

A

-causes primitive sex cords to penetrate deep into medulla of genital ridge to form testis

76
Q

Development of testes rete testes

A

-toward hilum of testis
-cords dissociate to form network of tubules testis

77
Q

Development of testes AMH and testosterone

A

-sertoli cells develop from surface epithelium and produce anti mullerian hormone, leydig cells develop from genital ridge and produce testosterone

78
Q

Development of testes seminferous tubules

A

-testis cords remain solid until puberty, at puberty they canalize and acquire lumen to form seminferous

79
Q

Development of the ovaries steps

A

-absence of SRY
-cortical cords
-primordial follicles

80
Q

Development of ovaries absence of SRY

A

-primitive sex cords dissociate into irregular cell clusters which contain primoridal germ cells, these irregular cells clusters are later replaced by a vascular stroma

81
Q

Development of the ovaries cortical cords

A

-surface epithelium of ovary proliferates and gives rise to cortical cords which split into isolated cell clusters

82
Q

Development of the ovaries primordial follicles

A

-isolated cell clusters surround each oogonium with a layer of follicular cells, thereby forming primordial follicles

83
Q

Male fates of wolffian and mullerian ducts

A

-AMH causes mullerian ducts to regress week 8
-testosterone ensures wolffian ducts persist and differentiate

84
Q

Female fates of wolffian and mullerian ducts

A

-absence of testosterone causes mullerian ducts to persist
-wolffian ducts regress by week 10

85
Q

What are the male genital ducts formed from

A

-wolffian ducts

86
Q

Male genital ducts

A

-efferent ductules
-paradidymis
-epididymis
-vas deferens
-ejaculatory duct

87
Q

Efferent ductules

A

-rete testis joins seminferous tubules to form efferent ductules

88
Q

Paradidymis

A

-formed from paragenital tubules that do not join rete testis

89
Q

Epididymis

A

-wolffian duct elongates to form this

90
Q

Vas deferens

A

-from tail of epididymis to seminal vesicle, wolffian duct obtains thick muscular coat to form this

91
Q

Ejaculatory duct

A

-region of wolffian duct beyond seminal vesicle

92
Q

Gonadal dysgenesis

A

-karyotype 46 XY
-known as swyer syndrome
-born with external phenotypes of females and some female internal reproductive structures
-gonads are usually not functional, termed “streak gonads typically removed because of cancer

93
Q

Development of the female genital ducts

A

-cranial portion
-horizontal portion
-caudal portion

94
Q

Cranial portion

A

-cranial, vertical position opens into abdominal cavity which partially forms the uterine (fallopian) tube

95
Q

Horizontal portion

A

-crosses the regressing wolffian ducts and forms the uterine tube

96
Q

Caudal portion

A

-fuses with partner from opposite side to form uterine canal, cervix, and vagina

97
Q

Fusion of mullerian ducts

A

-when horizontal portions of the mullerian duct move medio-caudally, the urogenital ridges come to lie in a transverse plane
-the ducts fuse at the midline establishing the broad ligament of the uterus

98
Q

Divisions of pelvis

A

-uterus and broad ligament divide pelvis into utero-rectal and utero-vesicle pouches

99
Q

Development of the vagina and uterus steps

A

-fusion
-proliferation
-canalization

100
Q

Development of the vagina and uterus fusion

A

-uterus and vagina begin to form as the mullerian ducts fuse together near their attachment to the posterior wall of the urogenital

101
Q

Development of the vagina and uterus proliferation

A

-2 evaginations, the sinovaginal bulbs, grow out from the pelvic part of the urogenital sinus and form the vaginal plate
-proliferation continues at cranial end of vaginal plate, increasing distance between uterus and urogenital sinus

102
Q

Development of the vagina and uterus canalization

A

-by month 5, vagina is entirely canalized and vaginal fornices form

103
Q

What is the upper portion of the vagina derived from

A

-uterine canal

104
Q

What is the lower portion of the vagina derived from

A

-urogenital sinus

105
Q

How is lumen of vagina separated from urogenital sinus

A

-by the hymen

106
Q

Bicornate uterus

A

-uterine malformation resulting from impaired fusion of mullerian ducts
-partial failure of fusion of the 2 ducts resulting in a uterus divided into 2 horns

107
Q

Development of the male external genitalia steps

A

-urethral groove
-penile urethra
-external urethral meatus
-scrotum

108
Q

Development of male genitalia urethral groove

A

-genital tubercle forms phallus
-during elongation phallus pulls urethral folds forwards and forms urethral groove

109
Q

Development of male genitalia penile urethra

A

-urethral groove extends along elongated phallus but does not reach the glans of the penis

110
Q

Development of male genitalia external urethral meatus

A

-month 4
-ectodermal cells from the tip of the glans penetrate inwards and form the external urthral meatus

111
Q

Development of male genitalia scrotum

A

-genital swellings grow to become scrotal swellings
-these swellings move caudally and fuse to form the scrotum
-the 2 swellings are seperated by the scrotal septum

112
Q

Descent of the testis weeks

A

-weeks 6-12

113
Q

Gubernaculum

A

-fibrous cord that connects the fetal testis with the bottom of the scrotum

114
Q

Descent of the testis

A

-located in the abdomen and will need to descend to reside in the scrotum

115
Q

Processus vaginalis

A

-evagination of the anterior vaginal wall that forms the inguinal canal
-where the testis travels to the scrotum

116
Q

How does testis enter inguinal canal

A

-through deep inguinal ring

117
Q

How does testis exit inguinal canal

A

-through superficial inguinal ring

118
Q

Coverings of the testis

A

-external abdominal oblique muscle
-internal abdominal oblique muscle
-transversus abdominus muscle
-transversalis fascia

119
Q

External abdominal oblique muscle

A

-forms the external spermatic fascia

120
Q

Internal abdominal oblique muscle

A

-gives rise to cremaster muscle

121
Q

Transversus abdominus muscle

A

-does not contribute to a layer of the testis

122
Q

Transversalis fascia

A

-forms the internal spermatic fascia of the testis

123
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

-one or both testis fail to descend into the scrotum
-may be located anywhere along the the normal path of testicular descent

124
Q

Ectopic testicle

A

-rare congenital anomaly which describes a testicle that has not followed the normal route of testicular descent

125
Q

Development of the female external genitalia

A

-genital tubercle elongates to form clitoris
-during elongation, clitoris if pulled forwards and forms urethral groove
-urethral groove extends along elongated tubercle and forms vestibule
-epithelial lining of urethral groove forms the urethral plate

126
Q

Descent of the ovaries steps

A

-gubernaculum
-descent
-ligaments

127
Q

Descent of the ovaries gubernaculum

A

-ovary descends into pelvis alongside this
-this descent is supported by the suspensory ligament which connects ovary to wall of pelvis

128
Q

What is the suspensory ligament derived from

A

-mesonephros

129
Q

Descent of the ovaries descent

A

-ovaries continue to descend along gubernaculum in peritoneal cavity
-also fuses with mullerian

130
Q

How is the broad ligament formed

A

-2 layers of peritoneum form it

131
Q

Broad ligament purpose

A

-envelops the genital organs
-fully covers the ovaries, uterus, and uterine tubes

132
Q

Descent of the ovaries ligaments

A

-ovaries are fixed in place by the suspensory ligament
-gubernaculum remains as ovarian ligament and round ligament of uterus

ANAT 471 (6 decks)

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