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ANAT 471 > Module 5: Development of the Digestive System, Heart, and Great Vessels > Flashcards

Module 5: Development of the Digestive System, Heart, and Great Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

Embryonic folding of the gut tube

A

-ventral folding at anterior and posterior ends forms a closed tube

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2
Q

Primary gut tube

A

-hollow cylinder of endodermal cells surrounded by mesoderm

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3
Q

3 distinct regions of the gut tube

A

-foregut
-midgut
-hindgut

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4
Q

Primitive foregut

A

-extends from oral cavity to initial part of duodenum

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5
Q

Primitive midgut

A

-extends from mid-duodenum to initial 2/3 of transverse colon

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6
Q

Primitive hindgut

A

-extends from distal 1/3 transverse colon to upper portion of anus

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7
Q

Blood supply of primitive foregut

A

-celiac artery

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8
Q

Blood supply of primitive midgut

A

-superior mesenteric artery

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9
Q

Blood supply of primitive hindgut

A

-inferior mesenteric artery

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10
Q

Mesentery

A

-double layer membrane formed by the fusion of the splanchnic mesoderm

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11
Q

Dorsal mesentery

A

-composed of mesogastrium, mesoduodenum, mesentery proper, and mesocolon

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12
Q

Ventral mesentery

A

-derived from the septum transversum and forms the falciform ligament of the liver and lesser omentum

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13
Q

Steps of the development of the esophagus

A

-elongation
-occlusion
-recanalization

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14
Q

Elongation of the esophagus

A

-after the trachea separates, esophagus continues to grow in length to keep up with overall growth
-also responsible for repositioning of stomach in abdomen

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15
Q

Occlusion time period

A

-week 5

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16
Q

Occlusion of esophagus

A

-proliferation of endoderm results in occlusion of esophagus

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17
Q

Recanalization of esophagus time period

A

-week 9

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18
Q

Recanalization of esophagus

A

-results in the formation of a hollow tube

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19
Q

Parts of the stomach

A

-cardia
-fundus
-body
-pylorus

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20
Q

Longitudinal rotation of the stomach

A

-rotates right 90 degrees about longitudinal axis

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21
Q

Differential growth of stomach

A

-there is differential growth along one border of the stomach which causes it to elongate more rapidly than the other
-this produces the greater and lesser curvature

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22
Q

Anteroposterior rotation of the stomach

A

-rotation about anteroposterior axis
-pylorus moves cranially and the cardia moves caudally

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23
Q

Omental bursa

A

-created by rotation of the stomach that pulls the mesogastrium to the left

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24
Q

What does the dorsal mesentery form

A

-forms the greater omentum and gastrosplenic and splenorenal ligaments

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25
Q

What does the ventral mesentery form

A

-forms the capsule and peritoneal coverings of the liver and ligaments of the liver

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26
Q

Ligaments of the liver

A

-lesser omentum
-triangular, coronary, and falciform

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27
Q

Development of liver and gallbladder steps

A

-hepatic diverticulum forms
-hepatic diverticulum divides
-hepatic duct forms
-hepatic duct outgrowth
-liver cords differentiate
-liver stroma forms

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28
Q

Hepatic diverticulum forms

A

-grows from distal end of foregut and penetrates the septum transversum

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29
Q

Hepatic diverticulum divides

A

-divides into a cranial part, which forms parachyma of liver, and caudal part which will later give rise to the gallbladder and cystic duct

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30
Q

Hepatic duct forms

A

-hepatic cells continue to penetrate septum transverum, and the connection between the diverticulum and foregut narrows, forming hepatic duct

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31
Q

Hepatic duct outgrowth

A

-from hepatic duct, outgrowth gives rise to gallbladder and cystic duct
-these then together form the bile duct

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32
Q

Liver cords differentiate

A

-epithelial liver cords differentiate into liver parenchyma and form the lining of the biliary

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33
Q

Liver stroma forms

A

-the connective tissue capsule of the liver is derived from the septum transversum

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34
Q

Development of the pancreas

A

-forms from 2 outgrowths of the gut tube endoderm

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35
Q

What are the outgrowths of the gut tube endoderm

A

-dorsal pancreatic bud
-ventral pancreatic bud

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36
Q

Dorsal pancreatic bud origin

A

-originates from the duodenum

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37
Q

Ventral pancreatic bud origin

A

-develops from the bile duct

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38
Q

Migration of the pancreas and duodenum

A

-ventral pancreatic migrates towards dorsal pancreatic bud, the proximal duodenum also rotates clockwise with pancreas

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39
Q

Union of the pancreas and duodenum

A

-ventral bud fuses with dorsal bud and becomes the uncinate process

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40
Q

What does dorsal pancreatic bud make up

A

-main body of pancreas

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41
Q

Steps of the development of the midgut

A

-elongation
-herniation and rotation
-retraction

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42
Q

When does elongation of the midgut occur

A

-week 5

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43
Q

What structure is formed by the elongation of the midgut

A

-primary intestinal loop

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44
Q

2 limbs of the midgut

A

-cephalic (cranial) limb
-caudal limb

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45
Q

Vitelline duct

A

-how the loop communicates with the yolk sac

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46
Q

Umbilical herniation of the midgut

A

-while looping continues, abdomen becomes too small for intestines and several intestinal loops are forced into the umbilical cord

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47
Q

Rotation of midgut

A

-intestinal loop rotates 90 degrees and axis of rotation is relative to the superior mesenteric artery

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48
Q

Retraction of the midgut

A

-intestinal loop returns into abdominal cavity later once there is space
-this loop is the small intestine

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49
Q

What does not participate in intestinal looping

A

-large intestine

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50
Q

Midgut volvulus

A

-improper rotation of small intestine
-rotates around axis of its own mesentery

51
Q

Midgut volvulus symptoms

A

-improper flow of digestion
-intestinal blockages
-blocking of intestinal circulation

52
Q

Hindgut derivatives

A

-caudal half of transverse colon
-descending colon
-rectum
-superior part of anal canal

53
Q

Steps of hindgut development

A

-cloaca
-urorectal septum
-perineal body
-anal pit

54
Q

Cloaca

A

-shared end of the hindgut and urogenital tract
-common chamber that intestinal, urinary, and genital tract opens into

55
Q

Urorectal septum

A

-migrates to cloacal membrane, and separates hindgut from urinary system

56
Q

Urogenital sinus

A

-forms the bladder and urethra

57
Q

Perineal body

A

-between urogenital and anal membranes, where the anal canal begins to develop

58
Q

Anal pit formation

A

-ectoderm invaginates cloaca
-establishes continuity of the anal canal and rectum

59
Q

What is the proximal 2/3 anal canal derived from

A

-endoderm

60
Q

What is the distal 1/3 of anal canal derived from

A

-ectoderm

61
Q

Imperforate anus

A

-normal anal opening is absent at birth
-results from abnormal development of urorectal septum

62
Q

Enteric nervous system parts

A

-myenteric plexus
-submucosal plexus

63
Q

Myenteric plexus location

A

-located between inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layers

64
Q

Submucosal plexus location

A

-situated within submucosa layer

65
Q

What is the enteric nervous system derived from

A

-autonomic nervous system

66
Q

What are ENS neurons derived from

A

-derived from neural crest cells

67
Q

Function of the enteric nervous system

A

-functions with smooth muscle cells and mucosal villi to control absorption and secretion of GI system, including small and large intestines

68
Q

Formation of the heart tube steps

A

-progenitor cells
-migration
-heart field

69
Q

When does formation of the heart tube begin

A

-week 3

70
Q

What are progenitor cells derived from

A

-intraembryonic mesoderm and cranial 1/3 of primitive streak

71
Q

Migration of progenitor cells

A

-leave primitive streak and become localized on either side of primitive streak

72
Q

Heart field

A

-progenitor cells form a U shaped tube around notochord
-these merge to form endocardial tube

73
Q

Longitudinal heart tube folding

A

-starts in front of oropharyngeal membrane
-ends up in the thorax

74
Q

Lateral heart tube folding

A

-allows for endocardial tubes to fuse
-forming heart tube

75
Q

Components of the heart tube

A

-bulbis cordis
-sinus venosus

76
Q

Components of bulbis cordis

A

-truncus arteriosus
-conus cordis
-primitive ventricle
-primitive atrium

77
Q

Truncus arteriosus

A

-outflow tracts of aorta and pulmonary arteries

78
Q

Conus cordis

A

-outflow tracts of both right and left ventricles

79
Q

Primitive ventricle

A

-trabeculated walls of the ventricles

80
Q

Primitive atrium

A

-later divides into left and right atrium
-connected to sinus venosus

81
Q

Sinus venosus

A

-derives from and is connected to venous system

82
Q

Cardiac looping

A

-when heart grows it is restricted by the septum transversum and pericardium and must bend

83
Q

Cardiac looping movements

A

-primitive atria moves posteriorly
-bulbus cordis and right primitive ventricle come to lie between primitive right and left atria

84
Q

Why is the primitive heart different from the adult heart

A

-resembles it, but primitive heart is still one continuous tube

85
Q

Interatrial septum

A

-separate right and left atria

86
Q

Interventricular septum

A

-separate right and left ventricles

87
Q

Formation of interatrial septum steps

A

-septum primum
-ostium secondum
-septum secundum

88
Q

Septum primum

A

-cells from the roof of common atria grow caudally
-grows towards endocardial cushion but does not fuse

89
Q

Ostium secundum

A

-when septum fuses with the endocardial cushion this second opening is created

90
Q

Septum secundum

A

-second septum forms from roof of atria
-common atria is now divided into left and right atrium

91
Q

Formen ovale

A

-oval shaped window that allows blood to pass between the atria

92
Q

What is the foramen ovale covered by

A

-thin valve-like membranous flap from septum primum

93
Q

First step of foramen ovale formation

A

-fetus receives oxygenated blood from the placenta via the umbilical vein, oxygenated blood enters the right atrium

94
Q

Second step of foramen ovale formation

A

-since blood is already oxygenated, it does not need to be pumped to the lungs

95
Q

Third step of foramen ovale formation

A

-foramen ovale allows blood to bypass the pulmonary circulation by shunting blood from right atrium to left atrium

96
Q

Where does blood move from left atrium

A

-blood moves into left ventricle, and then through aorta to the rest of the body

97
Q

Patent foremen ovale

A

-incomplete fusion of septum secundum and septum primum
-has been associated with increased risk of adverse events including strokes
-most are asymptomatic and do not require treatment

98
Q

Embryonic arteries

A

-aortic sac
-ventral aorta
-aortic arches
-dorsal aorta

99
Q

Aortic sac

A

-sits cranial to truncus arteriosus

100
Q

Ventral aorta

A

-aortic sac branches into 2 horns, right and left ventral aorta

101
Q

Aortic arches

A

-6 arteries branch off each ventral aorta, and wrap around the pharynx

102
Q

What do aortic arches follow the pattern of

A

-pharyngeal arches

103
Q

Dorsal aorta

A

-connects with the aortic arches and connect back with aortic sac

104
Q

How many aortic arches are there

A

-6

105
Q

Aortic arches 1, 2 and 5

A

-all regress

106
Q

Arch 3 parts

A

-dorsal aortae
-ventral aortae

107
Q

Arch 3 dorsal aortae

A

-forms the internal carotid arteries and common carotid arteries

108
Q

Arch 3 ventral aortae

A

-external carotid arteries

109
Q

Arch 4 parts

A

-right ventral aorta
-left ventral aorta

110
Q

Arch 4 right ventral aorta

A

-forms right subclavian artery

111
Q

Arch 4 left ventral aorta

A

-aortic arch

112
Q

Arch 6

A

-forms right and left pulmonary arteries
-also forms ductus arteriosus which forms the ligamentum arteriosus at birth

113
Q

Ductus arteriosus general function

A

-directs the flow of blood in the fetus

114
Q

Ductus arteriosus prenatal function

A

-instead of entering underdeveloped lungs through pulmonary arteries, blood passes through the ductus arteriosus and enters aorta at aortic arch

115
Q

Ductus arteriosus postnatal function

A

-lungs are now developed and blood must travel through pulmonary arteries

116
Q

What is formed when the ductus arteriosus obliterates

A

-ligamentum arteriosum
-separates the pulmonary and systemic circulation

117
Q

Patent ductus arteriosus

A

-condition where ductus arteriosus does not fully close and there is still a connection between pulmonary and systemic circulation
-small openings may be asymptomatic
-larger openings are closed with ligation

118
Q

When do embryonic veins develop

A

-week 4

119
Q

Embryonic veins

A

-vitelline veins
-umbilical veins
-cardinal veins

120
Q

Vitelline veins function

A

-drain the yolk sac

121
Q

Umbilical veins function

A

-come from chorionic villi and carry oxygenated blood to embryo

122
Q

Cardinal veins function

A

-drain the body of the embryo

123
Q

Vein remodelling

A

-left veins tend to regress while right veins enlarge and give rise to great veins

ANAT 471 (6 decks)

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