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ANAT 471 > Module 1: Gametogenesis and Fertilization > Flashcards

Module 1: Gametogenesis and Fertilization Flashcards

1
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

-process by which spermatozoa (sperm cells) develop from germ cells in the testes

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2
Q

Steps of spermatogenesis

A

-mitosis
-meiosis I
-meiosis II

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3
Q

Product of spermatogenesis

A

-4 spermatids
-undergo spermiogenesis to develop into mature spermatozoa

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4
Q

Key features of spermatozoon (parts)

A

-head (acrosome)
-head (nucleus)
-midpiece
-tail

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5
Q

Head (acrosome) function

A

-allows binding and penetration of sperm with ovum by releasing enzymes (acrosome reaction)

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6
Q

Head (nucleus) function

A

-contains nucleus and acrosome

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7
Q

Midpiece function

A

-contains mitochondria and glycogen to provide energy for movement

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8
Q

Tail function

A

-propels sperm through female reproductive tract

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9
Q

Anatomy of ovary

A

-germinal epithelium
-tunica albugnea
-cortex
-medulla

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10
Q

Germinal epithelium of ovary

A

-outermost layer

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11
Q

Tunica albuginea of ovary

A

-collagenous connective tissue layer

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12
Q

Cortex of ovary

A

-outer layer containing ovarian follicles

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13
Q

Medulla of ovary

A

-highly vascular inner layer

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14
Q

Steps of oogenesis

A

-mitosis
-meiosis I
-meiosis II

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15
Q

Products of oogenesis

A

-ovum
-3 polar bodies

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16
Q

What is special about meiosis II for oogenesis

A

-requires fertilization

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17
Q

Key features of the ovum

A

-zona pellucida
-corona radiata

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18
Q

Zona pellucida

A

-glycoprotein membrane that surrounds plasma membrane
-consists of ZP1, ZP2 and ZP3
-ZP3 is important sperm receptor and is responsible for initiating acrosome reaction

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19
Q

Corona radiata

A

-outer layer of follicular cells that form around developing oocyte and remain with it upon ovulation

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20
Q

Folliculogenesis steps

A
  1. primordial follicle
  2. primary follicle
  3. secondary follicle
  4. graafian follicle
  5. ovulation
  6. corpus luteum
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21
Q

Primordial follicle

A

-starting at puberty each month, small number of them will undergo more growth and only one of them will reach full development and ovulate
-consists of primary oocyte arrested in meiosis 1

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22
Q

Primary follicle

A

-primary oocyte
-grow in zona pellucida

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23
Q

Secondary follicle

A

-innermost layer attaches to zona pellucida forming corona radiata
-outermost cell layer differentiates into theca interna and theca externa

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24
Q

Graafian follicle

A

-referred to as this when reaching a diameter of about 2.5 cm
-will cause surface of ovary to budge

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25
Q

Ovulation

A

-involves rupture of mature follicle and release of ovum

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26
Q

Corpus luteum

A

-temporary endocrine gland formed by remnants of mature follicle after ovulation

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27
Q

Nondisjuction

A

-failure of chromosomes to distribute normally during meiosis leading to formation of gametes with abnormal numbers of chromosomes

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28
Q

Seminal fluid components

A

-semen
-seminal fluid

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29
Q

Male reproductive accessory glands

A

-seminal vesicles
-prostate gland
-bulbourethral glands

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30
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

-produce molecules such as fructose that serve as energy sources for sperm

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31
Q

Prostate gland

A

-contributes additional fluid to ejaculate that is nourishment for sperm

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32
Q

Bulbourethal glands

A

-produce fluid that lubricates urethra and neutralizes acidity associated with residual urine

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33
Q

Sperm transport from testes to urethra order

A

-testes
-epididymis
-vas deferens
-accessory glands
-urethra

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34
Q

Testes function

A

-sperm produced here
-then move through tubular network

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35
Q

Epididymis function

A

-sperm mature here while stored

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36
Q

Accessory glands function

A

-secretions from here are added, and then this fluid travels through the ejaculatory duct

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37
Q

Urethra function

A

-semen exits penis through urethra

38
Q

Sperm transport in female reproductive tract

A

-some are carried from vagina to ampulla of fallopian tube by contractions
-remaining sperm stay in the crypts of the cervix

39
Q

Where is the normal site of fertilization

A

-ampulla

40
Q

Capacitation

A

-biochemical changes that allow for increased sperm motility and metabolism

41
Q

When approx does capacitation happen

A

-4-6 hours in

42
Q

Acrosome reaction

A

-enzyme release that allows binding and penetration of sperm with ovum

43
Q

The four cellular events of fertilization

A
  1. preparation of sperm
  2. corona radiata
  3. zona pellucida
  4. fusion of plasma membranes
44
Q

Preparation of sperm

A

-sperm swims towards egg

45
Q

Corona radiata

A

-acrosomal reaction spontaneously triggered, corona radiata penetrated

46
Q

Zona pellucida

A

-additional acrosomal enzymes for penetration of this layer, then cortical reaction is initiated

47
Q

Cortical reaction

A

-means that layer (zona pellucida) is now impermeable to other sperm

48
Q

Fusion of plasma membranes

A

-plasma membranes of sperm and egg fuse
-results in sperms head and tail to be released

49
Q

Formation of zygote (second meiotic division)

A

-this happens after the plasma membranes have fused
-forms a mature ovum and a second polar body

50
Q

Male pronucleus

A

-formation of this while tail degenerates, during growth, the male and female pronuclei replicate their dna

51
Q

Pronuclear membrane breakdown

A

-start to breakdown to allow fusion of pronuclei and reorganization of chromosomes occurs

52
Q

When does the first cleavage division occur

A

-approx 24 hours after production of second polar body

53
Q

Blastomeres

A

-cells derived from cleavage

54
Q

Morula

A

-16 cell embryo formed of blastomeres into a compact mass

55
Q

When does cleavage end

A

-with the formation of a blastocyst

56
Q

Compaction

A

-transformation from a loose cluster of cells to a tightly packed mass (morula)

57
Q

Blastocyst formation approx time

A

-around 4 days after fertilization

58
Q

Differentiation of blastocyst cells

A

-inner cells (embryoblast)
-outer cells (trophoblast)

59
Q

Embryoblast cells function

A

-will form the embryo, the amniotic membrane and the lining of the primitive yolk sac

60
Q

Trophoblast cells function

A

-responsible for phenomenon of implantation and for the formation of the placenta

61
Q

Layers of the uterine wall

A

-endometrium
-myometrium
-perimetrium

62
Q

Endometrium

A

-inner layer

63
Q

Endometrium function

A

-supports embryo development through placenta

64
Q

2 sublayers of the endometrium

A

-stratum functionalis
-stratum basalis

65
Q

Myometrium

A

-intermediate layer

66
Q

Myometrium function

A

-induce uterine contractions which propel sperm to ampulla

67
Q

Perimetrium

A

-outer layer

68
Q

Perimetrium function

A

-secretes lubricating fluid to help reduce friction

69
Q

Implantation

A

-process in which blastocyst attached to wall of uterus

70
Q

Implantation day 6

A

-blastocyst formed
-zona pellucida dissapears
-trophoblast begins to penetrate endometrium

71
Q

Implantation day 7

A

-trophoblasts differentiate into 2 layers: cytotrophoblast and synctiotrophoblast

72
Q

Cytotrophoblast

A

-inner layer

73
Q

Synctiotrophoblast

A

-outer layer

74
Q

Which trophoblast layer invades the endometrium

A

-synctiotrophoblast

75
Q

Implantation day 8

A

-embryoblast differentiations into hypoblast and epiblast
-bilaminar disc is formed that now separates 2 cavities

76
Q

Implantation day 9

A

-synctiotrophoblasts invade endometrial capillaries, creating lacunae

77
Q

What does hypoblast give rise to

A

-extraembryonic mesoderm
-develops between cytotrophoblast and outer surface of primitive yolk sac

78
Q

Implantation day 10

A

-embryo is fully embedded in endometrium

79
Q

Implantation day 12

A

-extraembryonic mesoderm separates to form coelomic spaces

80
Q

2 layers of the mesoderm

A

-somatic and splanchnic mesoderm

81
Q

Implantation day 14

A

-coelomic spaces merge to form chorionic cavity

82
Q

Chorionic cavity

A

-grows to surround the amniotic cavity and yolk sac except at a region called the connecting stalk

83
Q

What does the connecting stalk form

A

-the umbilical cord

83
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

-implantation outside of the uterus

84
Q

How does ectopic pregnancy happen

A

-if the cilia are damaged, the zygote can remain in the fallopian tubes and become implanted

84
Q

Most common location for ectopic pregnancy

A

-fallopian tubes

85
Q

How can damage to the cilia occur

A

-can occur from built up scar tissue or risk factors such as smoking

86
Q

Other possible locations of ectopic pregnancy

A

-ampulla
-isthmus
-fimbria
-abdominal cavity
-ovary
-cervix

87
Q

Symptoms presentation of ectopic pregnancy

A

-pain and bleeding
-usually around 7 weeks

88
Q

When does compaction happen

A

-at 8 cell stage

89
Q

What are the inner cells of a blastocyst called

A

-embryoblast

90
Q

What are the outer cells of a blastocyst called

A

-trophoblast

ANAT 471 (6 decks)

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