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ANAT 471 > Module 3: Development of the Thorax, Head, and Placenta > Flashcards

Module 3: Development of the Thorax, Head, and Placenta Flashcards

1
Q

Cavities in the body

A

-pleural
-pericardial
-peritoneal

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2
Q

Pleural cavity

A

-houses the lungs
-found within thoracic cavity

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3
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

-houses the heart
-also found within thoracic cavity

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4
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A

-surrounds several organs found in abdomen and pelvic cavity

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5
Q

Formation of the diaphragm

A

-formed by fusion of the septum transversum, pleuroperitoneal folds and mesenchymal ingrowths

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6
Q

Septum tranversum

A

-grows from ventral body wall
-separates the heart from the developing liver

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7
Q

Which way is the septum transversum pulled when folding

A

-pulled down
-partially separates the thoracic and peritoneal cavities

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8
Q

Pleuropericardial folds

A

-form on lateral body wall
-each contain a phrenic nerve

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9
Q

Pleural and pericardial cavities medial growth

A

-pleuropericardial folds grow medially towards eachother while lungs and heart continue to develop

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10
Q

Pleural and pericardial cavities

A

-pleurocardial folds fuse with eachother dividing the thorax into pleural and pericardial cavities

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11
Q

When does lung development begin

A

-day 22

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12
Q

Respiratory diverticulum

A

-forms as an outpocketing in ventral wall
-expands into splanchnic mesoderm which will cover the lung buds as well as the entire gut tube

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13
Q

Tracheal buds

A

-when respiratory diverticulum grows, it pinches off and elongates to form 2 parallel tubes (trachea and esophagus)

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14
Q

When do paired tracheal buds begin forming

A

-week 4

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15
Q

Bronchioles formation

A

-tracheal buds form left and right bronchi

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16
Q

Alveoli formation

A

-development progresses after 16 weeks as alveoli form and extensive vascularization occurs

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17
Q

When do fetal breathing movements occur

A

-week 20 or 21

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18
Q

What does the fetal inhale and exhale

A

-amniotic fluid

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19
Q

When do breathing movements happen until

A

-until birth
-help to tone the muscles in preparation for breathing after birth and a sign of good health

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20
Q

Tracheoesophageal fistula

A

-abnormal connection (fistula) between the esophagus and trachea
-due to abnormal separation of the tracheal bud from esophagus during development

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21
Q

How many pharyngeal arches are there

A

-6

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22
Q

Arch 1

A

-cranial nerve 5
-muscles of mastication
-bones of neck and inner ear

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23
Q

Arch 2

A

-cranial nerve 7
-muscles of facial expression
-bones of neck and inner ear

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24
Q

Arch 3

A

-cranial nerve 9
-stylopharyngeus muscle
-part of hyoid bone

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25
Arch 5
-regresses and doesn't form anything
26
Arch 4 & 6
-cranial nerve 10 -constrictor muscles of the pharynx -intrinsic muscles of the larynx -cartilages of the larynx
27
Pharyngeal clefts
-ectodermal lined recesses that appear on the outside of the pharynx between arches
28
What clefts form temporary cervical sinus
-2-4
29
What does the first cleft invaginate to form
-the external auditory meatus membrane
30
Pharyngeal pouches
-endodermal lined pouches that form on the inside of the pharynx between the arches
31
Pouch 1
-auditory tube -middle ear cavity
32
Pouch 2
-palatine tonsil
33
Pouch 3
-inferior parathyroid gland -thymus
34
Pouch 4
-superior parathyroid gland -ultimobranchial body
35
Anterior 2/3 of tongue
-mobile portion
36
Posterior 1/3 of tongue
-closest to throat -rough appearance
37
Terminal sulcus
-junction between anterior and posterior tongue
38
Foramen cecum
-apex of terminal sulcus -indicates place of origin of thyroid gland
39
Epiglottis
-helps prevent food and liquids from entering larynx and trachea
40
Arch 1 tongue development
-median tongue bud marks beginning of development -pair of lingual lateral swellings develop
41
Arch 2 tongue development
-rapidly overgrown by swellings of 3rd and 4th arches -no contribution
42
Arch 3 tongue development
-give rise to portion of the posterior 1/3 of tongue
43
Arch 4 tongue development
-give rise to remainder of posterior 1/3 of tongue -also forms epiglottis
44
What is the thyroid gland formed from
-thyroid diverticulum
45
Where is thyroid diverticulum located
-caudal to the 1st pharyngeal arch
46
As thyroid descends, what does it remain connected to
-thyroglossal duct
47
What causes formation of thyroglossal duct cysts
-failure of thyroglossal duct to close before birth
48
Parathyroid glands migration
-once formed, attach to thyroid gland and descend from top of ventral pharynx to final location at level of 4th arch
49
Thymus migration
-migrates posteriorly and medially, independent of thyroid gland -after migration it is located inferior to thyroid and parathyroid glands
50
Mandibular prominences
-derived from first arch mesenchyme -make up lower stomodeal boundary
51
Maxillary prominences
-derived from the mesenchyme in first pharyngeal arch -forms lateral boundaries of stomodeum
52
Frontonasal prominence
-derived from cranial neural crest mesenchyme -upper border of stomodeum
53
Invagination of the face
-frontonasal prominence develops 2 sets of swellings called nasal placodes -nasal placodes form the nasal pits -which then results in formation of lateral and median nasal prominences
54
Fusion of the face
-maxillary prominences increase in size and merge laterally with mandibular prominences to form the cheeks
55
What does the nasolacrimal groove form
-the nasolacrimal duct
56
Chorion of placenta
-membrane that produces chorionic fluid -outermost membrane
57
Amnion of placenta
-membrane that holds amniotic fluid -innermost membrane containing fetus
58
Umbilical cord
-cord like structure arising from naval that connects fetus with placenta and contains 2 umbilical arteries and veins
59
Chorionic villi
-fingerlike projections that contain genetic material of the fetus
60
Chorionic villi purpose
-serve to increase surface area -maximize contact with maternal blood
61
Primary villi
-formed when cytotrphoblast penetrates syncytiotrophoblast and expands
62
Secondary villi
-in week 3 -develop as extraembryonic mesoderm grows
63
Tertiary villi
-end of week 3 -characterized as vascularization of secondary villi
64
Anchoring villi
-tertiary villi that grow towards decidua basalis
65
Branching villi
-grow from anchoring villi -increase surface area for exchange
66
When does spinal remodelling happen
-2nd month
67
Spinal artery remodelling
-maternal spiral arteries undergo remodelling to produce low resistance, high blood flow conditions to meet demands of fetus
68
How does spinal artery remodelling happen
-they undergo a epithelial to endothelial differentiation to increase diameter and reduce resistance
69
When does placenta development mainly happen
-3-4 months
70
When are the chorion frondosum and laeve formed
-month 3
71
Chorion frondosum
-formed from villi at embryonic pole
72
Chorion laeve
-formed from villi at abembryonic pole
73
When is the fetal membrane formed
-month 4
74
Fetal membrane formation
-chorion laeve fuses with decidua parietalis and the amniotic and chorionic membranes fuse
75
When does cytotrophoblast membrane dissipate
-month 4
76
Why does cytotrophoblast layer need to dissipate
-to decrease distance for diffusion and gas exchange
77
When does the placenta divide into cotyledons
-month 4
78
How are cotyledons formed
-from materal decidua protruding into intervillous space to create decidual septa
79
How do cotyledons divide placenta
-into lobules
80
What is the fetal side called
-villous chorion
81
What does the fetal side form
-the chorionic sac including the amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois
82
What is the maternal side called
-the decidua
83
3 parts of the decidua
-decidua basalis -decidua capsularis -decidua parietalis
84
Decidua basalis
-deep at implantation site
85
Decidua capsularis
-covers implantation site
86
Decidua parietalis
-everything else
87
Exchange from maternal to fetal
-mainly oxygen and nutrients
88
Exchange from fetal to maternal
-mainly for elimination of carbon dioxide and other waste materials
89
Fetal circulation
-umbilical cord is not directly connected to mothers circulatory system -allows transfer of materials to and from mothers blood without direct mixing
90
What do umbilical arteries carry
-deoxygenated, nutrient depleted blood from fetus to placenta
91
What do umbilical veins carry
-oxygen, nutrient rich blood from placenta to fetus
92
Maternal circulation
-blood supply is derived from spiral arteries of endometrium
93
How does maternal blood flow
-flows around villi where exchange occurs -instead of being bounded in blood vessels
94
Reduction in maternal blood flow
-reduced size of fetus
95
What is the stomodeum
-primitive oral opening
96
Primary palate
-forms via the fusion of 2 medial prominences
97
What teeth are within the primary palate
-4 incisors of the upper jaw
98
Secondary palate
-forms via outgrowths of maxillary prominences called palatine shelves
99
Migration of the palatine shelves
-palatine shelves are outgrowth from maxilla -these shelves migrate obliquely downwards on either side of tongue
100
Fusion of the palatine shelves
-as the mouth grows and the tongue drops down, the palatine shelves fuse creating the secondary palate
101
Fusion of the palates
-anteriorly, the shelves fuse with the triangular primary palate incompletely -this formed the incisive foramen at the midline
102
Abnormal palate development: Cleft lip
-results from the palates and facial structures not developing properly

ANAT 471 (6 decks)

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