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ANAT 471 > Module 3: Development of the Thorax, Head, and Placenta > Flashcards

Module 3: Development of the Thorax, Head, and Placenta Flashcards

1
Q

Cavities in the body

A

-pleural
-pericardial
-peritoneal

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2
Q

Pleural cavity

A

-houses the lungs
-found within thoracic cavity

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3
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

-houses the heart
-also found within thoracic cavity

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4
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A

-surrounds several organs found in abdomen and pelvic cavity

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5
Q

Formation of the diaphragm

A

-formed by fusion of the septum transversum, pleuroperitoneal folds and mesenchymal ingrowths

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6
Q

Septum tranversum

A

-grows from ventral body wall
-separates the heart from the developing liver

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7
Q

Which way is the septum transversum pulled when folding

A

-pulled down
-partially separates the thoracic and peritoneal cavities

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8
Q

Pleuropericardial folds

A

-form on lateral body wall
-each contain a phrenic nerve

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9
Q

Pleural and pericardial cavities medial growth

A

-pleuropericardial folds grow medially towards eachother while lungs and heart continue to develop

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10
Q

Pleural and pericardial cavities

A

-pleurocardial folds fuse with eachother dividing the thorax into pleural and pericardial cavities

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11
Q

When does lung development begin

A

-day 22

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12
Q

Respiratory diverticulum

A

-forms as an outpocketing in ventral wall
-expands into splanchnic mesoderm which will cover the lung buds as well as the entire gut tube

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13
Q

Tracheal buds

A

-when respiratory diverticulum grows, it pinches off and elongates to form 2 parallel tubes (trachea and esophagus)

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14
Q

When do paired tracheal buds begin forming

A

-week 4

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15
Q

Bronchioles formation

A

-tracheal buds form left and right bronchi

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16
Q

Alveoli formation

A

-development progresses after 16 weeks as alveoli form and extensive vascularization occurs

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17
Q

When do fetal breathing movements occur

A

-week 20 or 21

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18
Q

What does the fetal inhale and exhale

A

-amniotic fluid

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19
Q

When do breathing movements happen until

A

-until birth
-help to tone the muscles in preparation for breathing after birth and a sign of good health

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20
Q

Tracheoesophageal fistula

A

-abnormal connection (fistula) between the esophagus and trachea
-due to abnormal separation of the tracheal bud from esophagus during development

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21
Q

How many pharyngeal arches are there

A

-6

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22
Q

Arch 1

A

-cranial nerve 5
-muscles of mastication
-bones of neck and inner ear

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23
Q

Arch 2

A

-cranial nerve 7
-muscles of facial expression
-bones of neck and inner ear

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24
Q

Arch 3

A

-cranial nerve 9
-stylopharyngeus muscle
-part of hyoid bone

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25
Q

Arch 5

A

-regresses and doesn’t form anything

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26
Q

Arch 4 & 6

A

-cranial nerve 10
-constrictor muscles of the pharynx
-intrinsic muscles of the larynx
-cartilages of the larynx

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27
Q

Pharyngeal clefts

A

-ectodermal lined recesses that appear on the outside of the pharynx between arches

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28
Q

What clefts form temporary cervical sinus

A

-2-4

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29
Q

What does the first cleft invaginate to form

A

-the external auditory meatus membrane

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30
Q

Pharyngeal pouches

A

-endodermal lined pouches that form on the inside of the pharynx between the arches

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31
Q

Pouch 1

A

-auditory tube
-middle ear cavity

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32
Q

Pouch 2

A

-palatine tonsil

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33
Q

Pouch 3

A

-inferior parathyroid gland
-thymus

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34
Q

Pouch 4

A

-superior parathyroid gland
-ultimobranchial body

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35
Q

Anterior 2/3 of tongue

A

-mobile portion

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36
Q

Posterior 1/3 of tongue

A

-closest to throat
-rough appearance

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37
Q

Terminal sulcus

A

-junction between anterior and posterior tongue

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38
Q

Foramen cecum

A

-apex of terminal sulcus
-indicates place of origin of thyroid gland

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39
Q

Epiglottis

A

-helps prevent food and liquids from entering larynx and trachea

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40
Q

Arch 1 tongue development

A

-median tongue bud marks beginning of development
-pair of lingual lateral swellings develop

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41
Q

Arch 2 tongue development

A

-rapidly overgrown by swellings of 3rd and 4th arches
-no contribution

42
Q

Arch 3 tongue development

A

-give rise to portion of the posterior 1/3 of tongue

43
Q

Arch 4 tongue development

A

-give rise to remainder of posterior 1/3 of tongue
-also forms epiglottis

44
Q

What is the thyroid gland formed from

A

-thyroid diverticulum

45
Q

Where is thyroid diverticulum located

A

-caudal to the 1st pharyngeal arch

46
Q

As thyroid descends, what does it remain connected to

A

-thyroglossal duct

47
Q

What causes formation of thyroglossal duct cysts

A

-failure of thyroglossal duct to close before birth

48
Q

Parathyroid glands migration

A

-once formed, attach to thyroid gland and descend from top of ventral pharynx to final location at level of 4th arch

49
Q

Thymus migration

A

-migrates posteriorly and medially, independent of thyroid gland
-after migration it is located inferior to thyroid and parathyroid glands

50
Q

Mandibular prominences

A

-derived from first arch mesenchyme
-make up lower stomodeal boundary

51
Q

Maxillary prominences

A

-derived from the mesenchyme in first pharyngeal arch
-forms lateral boundaries of stomodeum

52
Q

Frontonasal prominence

A

-derived from cranial neural crest mesenchyme
-upper border of stomodeum

53
Q

Invagination of the face

A

-frontonasal prominence develops 2 sets of swellings called nasal placodes
-nasal placodes form the nasal pits
-which then results in formation of lateral and median nasal prominences

54
Q

Fusion of the face

A

-maxillary prominences increase in size and merge laterally with mandibular prominences to form the cheeks

55
Q

What does the nasolacrimal groove form

A

-the nasolacrimal duct

56
Q

Chorion of placenta

A

-membrane that produces chorionic fluid
-outermost membrane

57
Q

Amnion of placenta

A

-membrane that holds amniotic fluid
-innermost membrane containing fetus

58
Q

Umbilical cord

A

-cord like structure arising from naval that connects fetus with placenta and contains 2 umbilical arteries and veins

59
Q

Chorionic villi

A

-fingerlike projections that contain genetic material of the fetus

60
Q

Chorionic villi purpose

A

-serve to increase surface area
-maximize contact with maternal blood

61
Q

Primary villi

A

-formed when cytotrphoblast penetrates syncytiotrophoblast and expands

62
Q

Secondary villi

A

-in week 3
-develop as extraembryonic mesoderm grows

63
Q

Tertiary villi

A

-end of week 3
-characterized as vascularization of secondary villi

64
Q

Anchoring villi

A

-tertiary villi that grow towards decidua basalis

65
Q

Branching villi

A

-grow from anchoring villi
-increase surface area for exchange

66
Q

When does spinal remodelling happen

A

-2nd month

67
Q

Spinal artery remodelling

A

-maternal spiral arteries undergo remodelling to produce low resistance, high blood flow conditions to meet demands of fetus

68
Q

How does spinal artery remodelling happen

A

-they undergo a epithelial to endothelial differentiation to increase diameter and reduce resistance

69
Q

When does placenta development mainly happen

A

-3-4 months

70
Q

When are the chorion frondosum and laeve formed

A

-month 3

71
Q

Chorion frondosum

A

-formed from villi at embryonic pole

72
Q

Chorion laeve

A

-formed from villi at abembryonic pole

73
Q

When is the fetal membrane formed

A

-month 4

74
Q

Fetal membrane formation

A

-chorion laeve fuses with decidua parietalis and the amniotic and chorionic membranes fuse

75
Q

When does cytotrophoblast membrane dissipate

A

-month 4

76
Q

Why does cytotrophoblast layer need to dissipate

A

-to decrease distance for diffusion and gas exchange

77
Q

When does the placenta divide into cotyledons

A

-month 4

78
Q

How are cotyledons formed

A

-from materal decidua protruding into intervillous space to create decidual septa

79
Q

How do cotyledons divide placenta

A

-into lobules

80
Q

What is the fetal side called

A

-villous chorion

81
Q

What does the fetal side form

A

-the chorionic sac including the amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois

82
Q

What is the maternal side called

A

-the decidua

83
Q

3 parts of the decidua

A

-decidua basalis
-decidua capsularis
-decidua parietalis

84
Q

Decidua basalis

A

-deep at implantation site

85
Q

Decidua capsularis

A

-covers implantation site

86
Q

Decidua parietalis

A

-everything else

87
Q

Exchange from maternal to fetal

A

-mainly oxygen and nutrients

88
Q

Exchange from fetal to maternal

A

-mainly for elimination of carbon dioxide and other waste materials

89
Q

Fetal circulation

A

-umbilical cord is not directly connected to mothers circulatory system
-allows transfer of materials to and from mothers blood without direct mixing

90
Q

What do umbilical arteries carry

A

-deoxygenated, nutrient depleted blood from fetus to placenta

91
Q

What do umbilical veins carry

A

-oxygen, nutrient rich blood from placenta to fetus

92
Q

Maternal circulation

A

-blood supply is derived from spiral arteries of endometrium

93
Q

How does maternal blood flow

A

-flows around villi where exchange occurs
-instead of being bounded in blood vessels

94
Q

Reduction in maternal blood flow

A

-reduced size of fetus

95
Q

What is the stomodeum

A

-primitive oral opening

96
Q

Primary palate

A

-forms via the fusion of 2 medial prominences

97
Q

What teeth are within the primary palate

A

-4 incisors of the upper jaw

98
Q

Secondary palate

A

-forms via outgrowths of maxillary prominences called palatine shelves

99
Q

Migration of the palatine shelves

A

-palatine shelves are outgrowth from maxilla
-these shelves migrate obliquely downwards on either side of tongue

100
Q

Fusion of the palatine shelves

A

-as the mouth grows and the tongue drops down, the palatine shelves fuse creating the secondary palate

101
Q

Fusion of the palates

A

-anteriorly, the shelves fuse with the triangular primary palate incompletely
-this formed the incisive foramen at the midline

102
Q

Abnormal palate development: Cleft lip

A

-results from the palates and facial structures not developing properly

ANAT 471 (6 decks)

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