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ANAT 471 > Module 4: Development of the Nervous System, Musculoskeletal System, and Limbs > Flashcards

Module 4: Development of the Nervous System, Musculoskeletal System, and Limbs Flashcards

1
Q

When does development of brain vesicles begin

A

-week 5

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1
Q

Where do brain vesicles begin to form

A

-cranial end of neural tube

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2
Q

3 brain vesicles

A

-prosencephalon
-mesencephalon
-rhombencephalon

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3
Q

Prosencephalon derivatives

A

-cerebrum

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4
Q

Mesencephalon derivatives

A

-midbrain

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5
Q

Rhombencephalon derivatives

A

-pons, medulla, cerebellum

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6
Q

When does brain flexure begin

A

-week 5
-same time as development of vesicles

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7
Q

Where does brain flexure begin

A

-cranial end of neural tube

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8
Q

3 brain flexures

A

-midbrain flexure
-cervical flexure
-pontine flexure

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9
Q

Midbrain flexure

A

-first flexure to appear
-in region of mesencephalon

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10
Q

Cervical flexure

A

-second to appear
-at junction between future spinal cord and rhombencephalon

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11
Q

Pontine flexure

A

-third to appear
-when neural tube bends anteriorly at cervical and midbrain flexures, but the pontine flexure is directed posteriorly

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12
Q

What is the pituitary gland derived from

A

-ectoderm that develops from rathkes pouch and infundibulum

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13
Q

Rathkes pouch

A

-ectodermal out-pocketing of developing mouth

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14
Q

Infundibulum

A

-downward extension of the hypothalamus

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15
Q

Rathkes pouch derivative

A

-forms anterior lobe of pituitary gland

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16
Q

Infundibulum derivative

A

-posterior lobe of pituitary gland

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17
Q

Development of the pituitary gland stages

A

-outpocketing
-migration
-regression
-detachment
-differentiation

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18
Q

Pituitary gland outpocketing

A

-infundibulum and rathkes pouch outpocket from hypothalamus and stomodeum

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19
Q

Pituitary gland migration

A

-infundibulum and rathkes pouch migrate towards eachother

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20
Q

Pituitary gland regression

A

-connecting stalk between stomodeum and rathkes pouch regresses

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21
Q

Pituitary gland detachment

A

-rathkes pouch detaches from the stomodeum and becomes associated with the developing posterior pituitary

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22
Q

Pituitary gland differentiation

A

-rathkes pouch differentiates to form anterior pituitary
-meanwhile distal portion of infundibulum differentiates to form posterior pituitary

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23
Q

Cellular layers of the neural tube

A

-ventricular layer
-mantle layer
-marginal layer

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24
Q

Ventricular layer

A

-innermost layer
-lies adjacent to the lumen of neural tube

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25
Q

What kind of cells does ventricular layer contain

A

-neuroepthelial cells
-which are precursors to cells that comprise CNS

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26
Q

What is the first generation of cells produced by neuroepithelial cells

A

-neuroblasts

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27
Q

Neuroblasts

A

-eventually become neurons in the CNS

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28
Q

Mantle layer

A

-once ventricular layer is formed, neuroblasts migrate away to form this layer

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29
Q

What does mantle layer become

A

-grey matter in CNS

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30
Q

Marginal layer

A

-formed from neuronal processes that germinate from neuroblasts

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31
Q

What does marginal layer become

A

-white matter of the CNS

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32
Q

Spinal cord development

A

-proliferation of neuroblasts within ventricular layer causes differential thickening of mantle layer creating alar and basal thickenings

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33
Q

Where is alar thickening

A

-dorsal region

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34
Q

Where is basal thickening

A

-ventral region

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35
Q

Alar plate

A

-grey matter of dorsal half
-separated from eachother by roof plate

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36
Q

What kind of neurons does alar plate contain

A

-sensory

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37
Q

Basal plate

A

-white matter of ventral half
-separated by floor plate

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38
Q

What kind of neurons does basal plate contain

A

-motor neurons

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39
Q

Sulcus limitans

A

-appears in lateral wall of neural tube
-separating it into dorsal and ventral halves throughout future spinal cord and brainstem

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40
Q

Holoprosencephaly

A

-occurs when prosencephalon fails to develop
-can include neurological deficits, seizures, vision and motor difficulties
-craniofacial malformations, reduction of frontonasal prominence

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41
Q

Which horn do motor nerves emerge from

A

-ventral horn

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42
Q

Which horn do sensory nerves emerge from

A

-dorsal horn
-dorsal root ganglion

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43
Q

Which horn do autonomic nerves emerge from

A

-lateral horns

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44
Q

Formation of motor nerves

A

-begins with outgrowth of axons from motor neuroblasts located in basal plate

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45
Q

Formation of sensory nerves

A

-derived from neural crest cells

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46
Q

Formation of sensory nerve dendrites

A

-grow toward nerve cell body

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47
Q

Formation of sensory nerve axons

A

-terminate in the alar plate

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48
Q

Formation of autonomic nerves

A

-similar to sensory nerves, autonomic nerves are also derived from neural crest cells

49
Q

Ventral pathway development

A

-some of the cells travelling ventrally stop migrating as soon as they enter the somite
-these cells give rise to dorsal root ganglia
-cells that tale ventral pathway also form autonomic ganglia

50
Q

Discrete peripheral nerves

A

-built by channelling neural crest cells through a restricted region of the somite

51
Q

Hirschsprung’s disease

A

-results from the absence of nerve cells in some parts of the large intestine
-incomplete innervation of the smooth muscle layers of gastrointestinal tract

52
Q

Newborn symptoms of hirschsprungs disease

A

-constipation
-bowel obstruction

53
Q

Somites derivative

A

-muscle and bone

54
Q

Coelom derivative

A

-body cavities

55
Q

How many pairs of somites will be formed from the paraxial mesoderm in week 5

A

-42-44

56
Q

Somite development stages

A

-segmentation
-epithelialization

57
Q

Somite segmentation

A

-process of somite formation from paraxial mesoderm

58
Q

Somite epithelialization

A

-once the paraxial mesoderm becomes segmented to form epithelial somites with somitocele cells inside them

59
Q

2 somite cell groups

A

-sclerotome
-dermomyotome

60
Q

Sclerotomes

A

-formed from ventral portion of somite

61
Q

Sclerotomes fate

A

-will contribute to cartilage and bone of vertebral column and ribs

62
Q

Dermomyotomes

A

-formed from dorsal part of somite

63
Q

Dermomyotomes fate

A

-gives rise to overlying dermis of back and to the skeletal muscles of the limb

64
Q

Divisions of dermomyotomes

A

-myotomes
-dermatomes

65
Q

Myotomes fate

A

-will develop into striated muscle

66
Q

Myotomes divisions

A

-dorsal myotome
-ventral myotome

67
Q

Dorsal myotome fate

A

-back musculature

68
Q

Ventral myotome fate

A

-muscle cells of rest of the trunk and limbs

69
Q

Dermatomes fate

A

-form the dermis

70
Q

Development of skeletal muscle stages

A

-dividing myoblasts
-cell alignment
-myotube formation
-muscle fibre formation

71
Q

Dividing myoblasts

A

-they proliferate in early development if there is enough fibroblast growth factor (FGF) present

72
Q

Cell alignment

A

-when FGF runs out, myoblasts cease division, and these cells begin to align for myotube formation

73
Q

Myotube formation

A

-alignment of myoblasts results in structures called myotubes

74
Q

Muscle fibre formation

A

-myotubes fuse to form a multinucleated muscle fibre

75
Q

Types of ossification

A

-endochondral ossification
-intramembranous ossification

76
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

-process of forming a bone through a cartilage intermediate

77
Q

What bones form from endochondral ossification

A

-skull base
-vertebral column
-long bones
-pelvis

78
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

-directly forms bone from mesenchyme

79
Q

What bones form from intramembranous ossification

A

-cranial vault
-maxilla/mandible
-clavicle

80
Q

Endochondral ossification stages

A

-mesenchymal cells
-chondroblasts
-osteoblasts
-continued growth

81
Q

Endochondral ossification mesenchymal cells

A

-differentiate into chondroblasts that form cartilagenous skeletal precursor of bones

82
Q

Endochondral ossification chondroblasts

A

-produce hyaline cartilage which resembles future shape of bone

83
Q

Endochondral ossification osteoblasts

A

-formed from invasion of blood vessels
-restricts chondrocytes to ends of bones
-chondrocytes in shaft of bone mineralize surrounding matrix
-osteoblasts bind to this matrix and deposit bone matrices to form bone tissue

84
Q

Endochondral ossification continued growth

A

-this process repeats while growth plates continue to elongate into adulthood

85
Q

Intramembranous ossification stages

A

-osteoblasts
-osteocytes
-spongy bone
-compact bone

86
Q

Intramembranous ossification osteoblasts

A

-mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts and are grouped into ossification centres

87
Q

Intramembranous ossification osteocytes

A

-secrete osteiod and binding of calcium to this osteoid results in hardening of matrix and entrapment of osteoblasts

88
Q

What is osteoid

A

-unminealized portion of bone matrix that eventually calcifies

89
Q

Intramembranous ossification spongy bone

A

-osteoid continues to be secreted by osteoblasts around blood vessels forming trabeculae (spongy bone)

90
Q

Intramembranous ossification compact bone

A

-periosteum is formed when calcified spicules become surrounded by compact mesenchymal cells
-this layer forms superficially to spongy bone

91
Q

Development of spinal cord stages

A

-migration
-neuronal extension
-division
-resegmentation

92
Q

Vertebral column migration

A

-cells of sclerotome begin to migrate toward and around notochord and neural tube creating template of vertebrae

93
Q

Von ebners fissues

A

-splits the sclerotome in half

94
Q

Vertebral column neuronal extension

A

-neural tube neurons extend to innervate nearby myotomes and dermatomes

95
Q

Vertebral column division

A

-nerves pass through von ebners fissures within each sclerotome to pass through mytotome and dermatome

96
Q

Vertebral column resegmentation

A

-the bodies of vertebrae form where the sclerotome cells of the caudal part of one somite pair intermingle with the cells of the cranial part of the following pair

97
Q

Development of intervertebral discs

A

-notochord persists in the region between the adjacent vertebrae as nucleus pulposus
-together with a circular anulus fibrousus the discs are formed

98
Q

Ascent of the spinal cord

A

-vertebral column outgrows the spinal cord and the cord appears to acsend within column
-this is why spinal cord segments for not line up, and how cauda equina is formed

99
Q

Parts of the skull

A

-viscerocranium
-membranous neurocranium
-chondrocranium

100
Q

Viscerocranium

A

-bones of face

101
Q

How is viscerocranium formed

A

-first 2 pharyngeal arches

102
Q

Membranous neurocranium

A

-surrounds brain

103
Q

How is membranous neurocranium formed

A

-from neural crest cells and paraxial mesoderm
-formed from intramembranous ossification

104
Q

Chondrocranium divisions

A

-prechordal chondrocranium
-chordal chondrocranium

105
Q

How is chondrocranium formed

A

-separate cartilages that fuse via endochondral ossification

106
Q

Limb development stages

A

-limb buds
-apical ectodermal ridge
-handplates and footplates

107
Q

Limb buds

A

-outpocketings from body wall, consist of a mesenchyme core covered by ectoderm

108
Q

Apical ectodermal ridge

A

-distal end ectoderm thickens to form this
-cells from this further differentiate into cartilage and muscle

109
Q

Handplates and footplates

A

-limb buds become flattened to form the handplates and footplates terminally

110
Q

When do fingers and toes develop on hand and footplates

A

-when apoptosis in apical ectodermal ridge separates the plates into 5 parts

111
Q

Syndactyly

A

-when apical ectodermal ridge does not regress, causes 2 or more fingers to be fused (webbed)
-most often only skin connected but can sometimes be bones as well
-treated surgically

112
Q

Limb rotation parts

A

-upper limb
-lower limb

113
Q

Upper limb rotation

A

-rotates laterally so that palm of hand faces anteriorly and thumb is on lateral side

114
Q

Lower limb rotation

A

-rotates medially so that big toe is on medial side of foot

115
Q

Epidermal ridges

A

-ridges of epidermis on palms of hands and soles of feet
-what makes up the fingerprint

116
Q

Volar pads

A

-temporary swellings of tissues on ventral surfaces of fingers and toes

117
Q

When do volar pads regress

A

-weeks 10-12

118
Q

Epidermal ridge patterns

A

-loop
-whorl
-arch

119
Q

Loop epidermal ridge pattern

A

-volar pad is intermediate
-results in loop configuration

120
Q

Whorl epidermal ridge pattern

A

-volar pad is high and round
-epidermal ridges form a whorl

121
Q

Arch epidermal ridge pattern

A

-volar pad is low
-epidermal ridges form an arch

ANAT 471 (6 decks)

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