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ANAT 471 > Module 2: Gastrulation and Neurulation > Flashcards

Module 2: Gastrulation and Neurulation Flashcards

1
Q

3 germ layers

A

-ectoderm
-mesoderm
-endoderm

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2
Q

Ectoderm

A

-outermost layer

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3
Q

Mesoderm

A

-middle layer

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4
Q

Endoderm

A

-innermost layer

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5
Q

When does gastrulation period start

A

-week 3

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6
Q

Disc before gastrulation

A

-bilaminar
-composed of epiblast and hypoblast

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7
Q

Disc after gastrulation

A

-trilaminar
-composed of endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

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8
Q

Primitive streak

A

-lengthens by addition of cells from cranial to caudal ends

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9
Q

Primitive pit

A

-indentation at the centre of the primitive node

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10
Q

Endoderm formation days

A

-day 14-15

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11
Q

Mesoderm formation days

A

-day 16-17

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12
Q

Ectoderm formation days

A

-after endoderm and mesoderm

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13
Q

Endoderm formation

A

-epiblast cells migrate along primitive streak to displace hypoblast and form a single layer of cells called the extraembryonic mesoderm

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14
Q

Mesoderm formation

A

-epiblast cells continue to migrate along primitive streak to form a layer between the endoderm and epiblast cells

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15
Q

Ectoderm formation

A

-overlying epiblast tissue that does not migrate through the streak and that remains on the surface of embryo facing the amniotic cavity is then referred to as ectoderm

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16
Q

What are the 2 areas where the embryo remains bilaminar

A

-oropharyngeal membrane
-cloacal membrane

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17
Q

Oropharyngeal membrane

A

-cranial end of embryo
-will eventually break down to become opening to the oral cavity

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18
Q

Cloacal membrane

A

-will eventually reabsorb and become the anal and genitourinary openings

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19
Q

Allantois

A

-an outpouching formed from cloacal membrane to the connecting stalk

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20
Q

Ectoderm layer fate

A

-tissues that cover body surfaces (epidermis, hair, nails, tooth enamel)
-nervous system
-eyes
-internal ear
-sweat
-subeceous glands

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21
Q

Mesoderm layer fate

A

-muscle and connective tissue
-bones
-urogenital systems
-cardiovascular systems

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22
Q

Endoderm layer fate

A

-gut and gut derivatives (liver, pancreas, lungs)

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23
Q

Abnormal gastrulation fate

A

-incompatible with life
-usually result in structural abnormalities

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24
Q

Tethered cord syndrome

A

-rare defect relating to the spinal cord as a result of continued cellular communication at the neurenteric canal

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25
Q

Day 19

A

-notochord induces overlying ectoderm to differentiate into neuroectoderm
-neuroectodermal cells thicken to form neural plate

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26
Q

Day 19 mesoderm proliferation

A

-proliferates to form longitudinal column of paraxial mesoderm, intermediate mesoderm, and lateral mesoderm

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27
Q

Day 20

A

-neural plate lengthens and invaginates in midline to form neural groove with neural folds
-meanwhile small spaces form in lateral mesoderm which are known as coelomic spaces

28
Q

Day 22

A

-fusion of lateral neural folds begins in middle of embryo and proceeds cranially and caudally

29
Q

Day 22 somites

A

-division of paraxial mesoderm that forms paired blocks
-also expand in both cranial and caudal directions

30
Q

Day 23

A

-as neural tube forms, the non-neural ectoderm comes together to seal over the neural folds, allowing tube to separate from the surface
-then mesoderm migrates to space between neural tube and ectoderm

31
Q

Day 23 neural crest formation

A

-a special group of cells migrate beside neural tube to form this

32
Q

What separates the lateral mesoderm into somatic and splanchnic mesoderm

A

-coelom

33
Q

Cranial neuropore closure day

A

-day 25

34
Q

Caudal neuropore closure day

A

-day 28

35
Q

When is neurulation complete

A

-with the closure of both neuropores
-CNS is now represented by a closed tubular structure that will give rise to brain and spinal cord

36
Q

Anencephaly

A

-cranial neuropore failing to close
-defects in CNS and malformation in brain and skull

37
Q

Spina bifida

A

-caudal neuropore failing to close
-incomplete covering of nervous tissues & protruding sac that can contain meninges, spinal cord, or both

38
Q

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition

A

-epithelial cells lose their cell polarity and cell-cell adhesion, and gain migratory and invasive properties to become mesenchymal stem cells

39
Q

Mesenchymal stem cells

A

-multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types

40
Q

Trunk migration

A

-cells that migrate along dorsolateral pathway

41
Q

What do trunk migration cells form

A

-melanocytes in skin and hair follicles

42
Q

What do cells that migrate along the ventral pathway form

A

-sympathetic neurons and ganglia
-schwann cells
-adrenal medulla

43
Q

Cranial migration

A

-cells that migrate from cranial region

44
Q

What do cranial migration cells form

A

-craniofacial skeleton
-cranial neurons and ganglia

45
Q

What do somites develop into

A

-vertebrae
-intervertebral discs
-ribs
-skeletal muscles

46
Q

When does the first pair of somites arise

A

-day 20
-in occipital region

47
Q

Rate of growth of somites

A

-3 pairs per day

48
Q

Intermediate mesoderm fate

A

-forms most of the urinary and reproductive system

49
Q

Splanchnic mesoderm fate

A

-forms the visceral laters of the serous membranes around each organs

50
Q

Somatic mesoderm fate

A

-forms dermis, bones, connective tissue, muscles and parietal layers of serous membranes

51
Q

When does embryonic folding occur

A

-days 22-28

52
Q

Embryonic folding

A

-flat trilaminar embryonic disk becomes a more cylindrical embryo

53
Q

Primitive foregut location

A

-cranial end of the embryo

54
Q

Primitive foregut fate

A

-forms parts of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum to opening of common bile duct

55
Q

Primitive midgut location

A

-middle

56
Q

Primitive midgut fate

A

-forms small intestine from opening of the common bile duct to ileocecal junction, and large intestine from caecum to transverse colon

57
Q

Primitive hindgut location

A

-caudal end of embryo

58
Q

Primitive hindgut fate

A

-forms large intestine from distal transverse colon to anal canal and parts of bladder and urethra

59
Q

What establishes opening for anus

A

-rupture of cloacal membrane in week 7

60
Q

Longitudinal (cephalocaudal) folding

A

-produce head fold and tail fold which will continue to fold ventrally to form caudal and cranial regions

61
Q

What is special about the head and tail folds

A

-they never completely fuse

62
Q

Transverse (lateral) folding initiation

A

-lateral folds pull amnion down so embryo is in amniotic cavity
-as lateral folds converge, they pinch midpoint of yolk sac together resulting in formation of tubular embryo with gut tube lined by endoderm

63
Q

Transverse (lateral) folding at foregut and hindgut

A

-ventral abdominal wall closes completely at these regions

64
Q

How is gut suspended from dorsal abdominal wall

A

-dorsal mesentery

65
Q

Transverse (lateral) folding at midgut

A

-lateral folds do not completely fuse at the region of the primitive midgut

66
Q

Vitelline duct

A

-channel that connects the yolk sac to the primitive midgut
-incorporated into the umbilical cord

ANAT 471 (6 decks)

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