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ANAT 471 > Module 2: Gastrulation and Neurulation > Flashcards

Module 2: Gastrulation and Neurulation Flashcards

1
Q

3 germ layers

A

-ectoderm
-mesoderm
-endoderm

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2
Q

Ectoderm

A

-outermost layer

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3
Q

Mesoderm

A

-middle layer

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4
Q

Endoderm

A

-innermost layer

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5
Q

When does gastrulation period start

A

-week 3

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6
Q

Disc before gastrulation

A

-bilaminar
-composed of epiblast and hypoblast

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7
Q

Disc after gastrulation

A

-trilaminar
-composed of endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

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8
Q

Primitive streak

A

-lengthens by addition of cells from cranial to caudal ends

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9
Q

Primitive pit

A

-indentation at the centre of the primitive node

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10
Q

Endoderm formation days

A

-day 14-15

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11
Q

Mesoderm formation days

A

-day 16-17

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12
Q

Ectoderm formation days

A

-after endoderm and mesoderm

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13
Q

Endoderm formation

A

-epiblast cells migrate along primitive streak to displace hypoblast and form a single layer of cells called the extraembryonic mesoderm

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14
Q

Mesoderm formation

A

-epiblast cells continue to migrate along primitive streak to form a layer between the endoderm and epiblast cells

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15
Q

Ectoderm formation

A

-overlying epiblast tissue that does not migrate through the streak and that remains on the surface of embryo facing the amniotic cavity is then referred to as ectoderm

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16
Q

What are the 2 areas where the embryo remains bilaminar

A

-oropharyngeal membrane
-cloacal membrane

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17
Q

Oropharyngeal membrane

A

-cranial end of embryo
-will eventually break down to become opening to the oral cavity

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18
Q

Cloacal membrane

A

-will eventually reabsorb and become the anal and genitourinary openings

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19
Q

Allantois

A

-an outpouching formed from cloacal membrane to the connecting stalk

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20
Q

Ectoderm layer fate

A

-tissues that cover body surfaces (epidermis, hair, nails, tooth enamel)
-nervous system
-eyes
-internal ear
-sweat
-subeceous glands

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21
Q

Mesoderm layer fate

A

-muscle and connective tissue
-bones
-urogenital systems
-cardiovascular systems

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22
Q

Endoderm layer fate

A

-gut and gut derivatives (liver, pancreas, lungs)

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23
Q

Abnormal gastrulation fate

A

-incompatible with life
-usually result in structural abnormalities

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24
Q

Tethered cord syndrome

A

-rare defect relating to the spinal cord as a result of continued cellular communication at the neurenteric canal

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25
Day 19
-notochord induces overlying ectoderm to differentiate into neuroectoderm -neuroectodermal cells thicken to form neural plate
26
Day 19 mesoderm proliferation
-proliferates to form longitudinal column of paraxial mesoderm, intermediate mesoderm, and lateral mesoderm
27
Day 20
-neural plate lengthens and invaginates in midline to form neural groove with neural folds -meanwhile small spaces form in lateral mesoderm which are known as coelomic spaces
28
Day 22
-fusion of lateral neural folds begins in middle of embryo and proceeds cranially and caudally
29
Day 22 somites
-division of paraxial mesoderm that forms paired blocks -also expand in both cranial and caudal directions
30
Day 23
-as neural tube forms, the non-neural ectoderm comes together to seal over the neural folds, allowing tube to separate from the surface -then mesoderm migrates to space between neural tube and ectoderm
31
Day 23 neural crest formation
-a special group of cells migrate beside neural tube to form this
32
What separates the lateral mesoderm into somatic and splanchnic mesoderm
-coelom
33
Cranial neuropore closure day
-day 25
34
Caudal neuropore closure day
-day 28
35
When is neurulation complete
-with the closure of both neuropores -CNS is now represented by a closed tubular structure that will give rise to brain and spinal cord
36
Anencephaly
-cranial neuropore failing to close -defects in CNS and malformation in brain and skull
37
Spina bifida
-caudal neuropore failing to close -incomplete covering of nervous tissues & protruding sac that can contain meninges, spinal cord, or both
38
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition
-epithelial cells lose their cell polarity and cell-cell adhesion, and gain migratory and invasive properties to become mesenchymal stem cells
39
Mesenchymal stem cells
-multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types
40
Trunk migration
-cells that migrate along dorsolateral pathway
41
What do trunk migration cells form
-melanocytes in skin and hair follicles
42
What do cells that migrate along the ventral pathway form
-sympathetic neurons and ganglia -schwann cells -adrenal medulla
43
Cranial migration
-cells that migrate from cranial region
44
What do cranial migration cells form
-craniofacial skeleton -cranial neurons and ganglia
45
What do somites develop into
-vertebrae -intervertebral discs -ribs -skeletal muscles
46
When does the first pair of somites arise
-day 20 -in occipital region
47
Rate of growth of somites
-3 pairs per day
48
Intermediate mesoderm fate
-forms most of the urinary and reproductive system
49
Splanchnic mesoderm fate
-forms the visceral laters of the serous membranes around each organs
50
Somatic mesoderm fate
-forms dermis, bones, connective tissue, muscles and parietal layers of serous membranes
51
When does embryonic folding occur
-days 22-28
52
Embryonic folding
-flat trilaminar embryonic disk becomes a more cylindrical embryo
53
Primitive foregut location
-cranial end of the embryo
54
Primitive foregut fate
-forms parts of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum to opening of common bile duct
55
Primitive midgut location
-middle
56
Primitive midgut fate
-forms small intestine from opening of the common bile duct to ileocecal junction, and large intestine from caecum to transverse colon
57
Primitive hindgut location
-caudal end of embryo
58
Primitive hindgut fate
-forms large intestine from distal transverse colon to anal canal and parts of bladder and urethra
59
What establishes opening for anus
-rupture of cloacal membrane in week 7
60
Longitudinal (cephalocaudal) folding
-produce head fold and tail fold which will continue to fold ventrally to form caudal and cranial regions
61
What is special about the head and tail folds
-they never completely fuse
62
Transverse (lateral) folding initiation
-lateral folds pull amnion down so embryo is in amniotic cavity -as lateral folds converge, they pinch midpoint of yolk sac together resulting in formation of tubular embryo with gut tube lined by endoderm
63
Transverse (lateral) folding at foregut and hindgut
-ventral abdominal wall closes completely at these regions
64
How is gut suspended from dorsal abdominal wall
-dorsal mesentery
65
Transverse (lateral) folding at midgut
-lateral folds do not completely fuse at the region of the primitive midgut
66
Vitelline duct
-channel that connects the yolk sac to the primitive midgut -incorporated into the umbilical cord

ANAT 471 (6 decks)

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