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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Module 6 > Flashcards

Module 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Digestive system fn

A

-breakdown of food/liquid in order to get cell building blocks–BIOMOLECULES like glu

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2
Q

ingestion means

A

intake of food and liquid

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3
Q

digestion means

A

processing/breakdown of food and liquid

Secretion also occurs a lot

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4
Q

types of digestion

A
  1. Mechanical: ie chewing

2. Chemical: breakdown with enzymes

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5
Q

The digestive tract is…

A

(AKA Alimentary Canal) the whole thing starting from the mouth all the way to the anus

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6
Q

Digestive system accessory organs

A
  • teeth
  • tongue
  • pancreas
  • liver
  • salivary glands
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7
Q

Digestive tract layers (in>out)

A
  • lumen
  • Mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis externa
  • serosa
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8
Q

layers of mucosa (inner>outer)

A
  • epithelium
  • lamina propria
  • muscularis mucosae
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9
Q

Muscularis externa laters (in>out)

A
  • circular muscle layer

- longitudinal layer

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10
Q

peritoneal cavity has these serous membranes

A
  • viseral peritoneum (inner)

- parietal peritoneum (outer)

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11
Q

Mesenteries meaning

A

extensions of the peritoneum that join organs

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12
Q

List the mesenteries

A
  • Greater omentum: biggest, provides fat storage and padding for organ protection
  • Lesser omentum: joins the stomach to the liver
  • Mesentary proper: between the coils of the small intestine
  • Mesocolon: holds large intestine in place
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13
Q

Oral Cavity Proper includes

A

inner surface of gums, teeth, tongue, pharynx

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14
Q

Tongue fn

A
  • taste

- shape the bolus

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15
Q

Bolus def

A

ball of food

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16
Q

Salivary Glands list

A
  • Parotid gland: from ramus
  • Sublingual gland: below tongue
  • Submandibular gland: below mandible
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17
Q

Teeth fn and names

A

ripping, tearing and grinding

  • incisors
  • canine
  • premolars
  • molars
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18
Q

Tooth structure names

A
  • enamel
  • dentin
  • gingiva
  • cementum
  • root canal
  • apical foramen
  • pulp cavity
  • crown
  • neck
  • root
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19
Q

peristalsis is

A

the downward movement in the esophagus, caused by the muscle contractions

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20
Q

Gross anatomy of the stomach

A
  • cardia
  • fundus: hold big meal
  • body
  • rugae
  • Pylorus
  • pyloric sphincter
  • lesser curvature
  • greater curvature
    (deep: -gastric gland
    - gastric pit
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21
Q

Stomach actions

A

mixing of food, protein digestion

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22
Q

Gastric gland parts aka gastric pit

A
  • mucous cells:
  • parietal cells: HCl
  • chief cells: pepsinogen
  • G-cells: release gastrin
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23
Q

pH of stomach :

A

1.8

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24
Q

ph of mucous layer

A

7, helps protect the cells against the acidity of stomach cells

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25
Q

Chyme means

A

the food and gastric juice (once the bolus enters stomach)

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26
Q

pepsinogen + HCl=

A

Pepsin

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27
Q

Gastric gland mechanism

A

1> food eaten
2> G-cells release gastrin
3> gastrin causes chief cells to release pepsinogen and parietal cells to release HCl
4> HCl converts pepsinogen to Pepsin
5> Pepsin breaksdown proteins into peptides
6> building blocks!

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28
Q

Pancreatic juice fn

A

breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids (denaturation)

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29
Q

Pancreas anatomy

A
  • Pancreatic duct: dumps into small intestine
  • head
  • Body
  • Tail
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30
Q

Pancreatic acinar cells are

A

cells that secrete pancreatic juice

exocrine

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31
Q

Pancreatic islets are

A

cells that secrete insulin

endocrine

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32
Q

Insulin fn

A

the molecule that attaches to a receptor that then allows another channel to open in order for glucose to enter the cell (insulin is the key to opening a door that lets glu in)

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33
Q

Acinar cell anatomy

A
  • Pancreatic duct
  • acinus
  • acinar cells
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34
Q

Liver anatomy

A
  • right lobe
  • left lobe
  • falciform ligament
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35
Q

Lobules of liver and fn

A

the small repeating unit that holds hepatic portal vein, for filtration

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36
Q

Liver lobule anatomy

A
  • -Lobule
  • central vein
  • sinusoid
  • hepatocyte
  • Kupffer cell
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37
Q

Kupffer cell is

A

do phagocytosis of RBC to remove pathogen, debris and heavy metals

38
Q

Hepatocytes fn

A

secrete bile that is composed of bile salts , and bilirubin (comes from RBC breakdown)

39
Q

Bile salts are emulsifiers meaning…

A

they breakdown fat globules, increasing the surface area and thus allow for better chemical breakdown

40
Q

bile flow from hepatocyte to bile duct via bile analiculi

A

hepatocyte>bile canaliculi>small bile duct> R/L hepatic duct> common hepatic duct>cyctic duct>gallbladder>common bile duct(behind stomach and into pancreas)>duodenal ampulla>duodeum

41
Q

Gallbladder fn

A

stores bile and releases it during digestion process

42
Q

small intestine anatomy and fn

A
  • Duodenum: connects w stomach, chemical digestion
  • Jejunum: long and coiled, abs of nutrients
  • Ileum: very long, connects to LI, abs of nutrients
43
Q

intestine surface area levels

A

-Plicae: microscopic ridges
-Villi: finger-like
-Microvilli: extensions of plasma membrane
columnar epithelium

44
Q

lymphatic capillary is in

A

the villi and drains interstitial fluid

45
Q

interstitial crypt AKA

A

intestinal gland, secretes, mucous to kill bacteria

46
Q

segmentation is

A

contractions in place for mixing

47
Q

duodenal gland fn

A

secrete mucous in duodennum

48
Q

Peyers patches are

A

aggregated lymphoid nodules, masses of lymphocytes

in Ileum

49
Q

Large Intestine anatomy

A
  • Iliocecal valve
  • Cecum
  • Appendix
  • ascending colon
  • right colic flexure
  • transverse colon
  • left colic flexure
  • descending colon
  • sigmoid colon
  • Rectum
  • anal canal
  • internal anal sphinctor
  • external anal sphinctor
  • anus
50
Q

large intestine connective and fatty tissue names

A
  • Fatty appendages
  • Taenia coli (ribbon-like)
  • Haustrum
51
Q

urinary system fn

A
  • removal of toxins from blood
  • pH regulation of blood
  • control water loss/retention
52
Q

components of the urinary system

A
  • Kidneys
  • ureters
  • Urinary bladder
  • Urethra
53
Q

Kidney anatomy

A
  • renal fascia
  • renal capsule
  • renal cortex
  • renal medulla
  • renal column
  • renal pyramid
  • renal papilla
  • minor calyx
  • major calyx
  • renal pelvis
  • ureter
54
Q

what drains out of the renal papilla?

A

urine, and drains into the calyx and eventually the ureter

55
Q

Blood vessels of the kidney

A
  • renal artery
  • renal vein
  • segmental artery
  • Interlobar artery and vein (in medulla)
  • arcuate artery and vein (arches around the pyramids)
  • interlobular artery and veins (in cortex)
56
Q

Nephron components

A

-afferent arteriole
-efferent arteriole
-glomerulus (capillaries)
-bowman’s capsule
> renal corpuscle
-proximal convoluted tubule
-Loop of Henle
-dital convoluted tubule
-collecting ducts
-papillary duct

Peritubular capillaries: around loop of henle and tubules, “contain things to keep”

57
Q

Nephron fn

A

-filters good/bad things
-recycles nutrients into blood stream
99% of water goes back into blood stream

58
Q

Cortical neprhons

A

most of the loops of Henle are in the cortex

59
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons

A

most of the loop of Henle is in the medulla, make very concentrated urine (since closer to the papilla)

60
Q

ureters composed of what kinds of cells

A

transitional epithelium because it expands, dump into Trigone

61
Q

Kidney stones

A

typically are calcium percipitates, usually are pointy, common with dehydration

62
Q

Bladder anatomy

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis
  • Rugae
  • Trigone:
  • internal urethral sphinctor
  • urethra
  • external urethral sphinctor
63
Q

urethral sphinctors variation in M/F

A

internal is about the same spot, external for males is below, external for females is outer

64
Q

urination AKA

A

Micturition

65
Q

Micturition reflex in babies

A

sensory neurons receive signal that bladder is full> signal to muscles to contract and sphinctor to relax> urine released
(we learn to control the sphinctors)

66
Q

sexual reproduction def

A

production of gametes

67
Q

Spermatozoan anatomy and fn

A

haploid gamete,

  • head: nucleus mostly
  • acrosome: layer around head that has enzymes to digest corona radiata
  • neck
  • middle piece: contains mitochrondion, for energy
  • tail
68
Q

Scrotal area anatomy

A

-dartos muscle: inward movement
-cremaster muscle: upward movement
-tunica vaginalis: sheath
tunica albuginea:
-testis
-spermatic cord: inguinal canal:

69
Q

Testes structure

A
  • lobule
  • seminiferous tubules
  • straight tubules
  • rete tetis
  • efferent ducts
  • head of epididymis
  • body of epididymis
  • tail of epididymis
  • vas deferens
70
Q

where do sperm get made?

A

seminiferous tubules

71
Q

Sperm journey

A

efferent ducts> epididymis> vas deferens> around bladder> encounter glands> fluid join with sperm> prostate gland> ejaculatory duct> Bulbourethral gland> mixed with secretions> now called semen

movement by peristalsis

72
Q

Seminal vesicles secrete

A

fluids of which 60% are alkaline, meaning they are basic to help neutralize and aid the sperm make it through the acidity of the vagina

73
Q

Penis anatomy

A
  • root of penis
  • crus
  • body of penis
  • glans penis
  • prepuce
  • corpora cavernosa
  • corpus spongiosum
74
Q

corpora cavernosa fn

A

fluid that can be filled with fluid (blood) to make structure more rigid

75
Q

corpus spongiosum

A

also can be filled with fluid, has the urethra running through it

76
Q

Emission meaning

A

traveling of the sperm to the accessory glands and mixing with glandular fluids to create the semen

77
Q

Vasectomy

A

the vas deferens is cut to prevent sperm from traveling to seminal vesicle

78
Q

Testicular cancer

A

mass or lumps, common in younger males 18-25yrs old, undescended testis can be more likely to get cancer

79
Q

Prostate cancer

A

usually in older men, 80% of 80yr olds will get it. Palpated prostate by physical exam through rectum
prostate-specific antigen tested in the blood a well

80
Q

Ovary ligaments

A
  • broad ligament
  • ovarian ligament
  • suspensory ligament
81
Q

Uterine tube anatomy

A
  • fimbriae
  • infundibulum
  • ampulla
  • isthmus (connector)
82
Q

Uterus features

A
  • fundus
  • body
  • isthmus
  • endometrium: placenta develops here
  • myometrium: muscle that contracts during childbirth
  • perimetrium
  • cervix
83
Q

Ovulating ovary stages of cell

A
  • primordial follicle
  • primary follicle: initial 5 days
  • secondary follicle: antrum fluid filled
  • tertiary follicle
  • antrum
  • corpora radiata
  • zona pellucida: protectve layer for egg
  • corpus luteum: hormone releasing sac where egg left, progesterone
  • corpus albicans: scar tissue after corpus luteum disintegr
  • cortex
  • medulla
  • stroma
  • germinal epitelium
84
Q

vulva features

A
  • mons pubis
  • clitoris: analogous to penile glans
  • labia minora: encloses vestibule
  • labia majora
  • vestibule
85
Q

breast and mammary glands anatomy

A
  • lobes
  • lactiferous ducts
  • lactiferous sinuses
  • nipple: has glands to keep nipple easy to nurse from
  • areola (visual target for nursing babies)
86
Q

Fetal development stages

A
  • zygote: single celled, diploid
  • early embryo: 8 cell stage doesn’t change much in size
  • 5-7 day old embryo: called Blastocyst, stem cells
  • 5 week embryo: basic characteristics form
  • 6 wk: more human shaped
  • 12 Week embryo: FETUS, major organ systems formed
  • 38-40 wk: full term
87
Q

embryo parts

A
  • chorion: aids in diffusion for blood
  • amnion
  • yolk sac: temporary nutrients, shrivels away
  • umbilical cord:
  • placenta: interface that allows the exchange between fetus/ mother blood and nutrients
88
Q

Tubal ligation

A

for the uterine tubes, to prevent egg and sperm from meeting

  • cauterized
  • cut and tied
  • tied (theoretically reversible)
89
Q

breast cancer

A

more common in older females

symptoms:
- lump in breast, rock solid
- unusual veins visible
- nipple discharge
- nipple inversion
- axillary lymph nodes lumps

rare in males symptoms: open sores, lumps, nipple discharge, inverted nipple, axillary lymph lump

90
Q

vagina composed of these cells

A

stratified squamous epithelium, bc they regenerate since vagina experiences abrasion

91
Q

Vaginal pH changes with life stages bc

A

to keep it protected from bacteria and other things during the fertile/sexually active stages acidic

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (13 decks)

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