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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

CV system includes, and fn

A
  • heart
  • blood
  • blood vessels

fn: transport, pathogen protection

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2
Q

Blood composed of

A
  • Plasma: Proteins like Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogen
  • formed elements(cell and cell parts)
  • 90% water
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3
Q

erythrocytes

A

small, round, life span of 120 days

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4
Q

Leukocytes are…

BEN-G, ALM

A

white blood cells,

  • granulocytes: basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
  • agranulocytes: lymphocytes and monocytes
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5
Q

Thrombocytes are

A

platelets, are involved in hemostasis

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6
Q

Basophils appearance

A

round, with darker dots

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7
Q

Eosinophils appearance

A

roundish, binucleate

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8
Q

Neutrophils appearance

A

trinucleate

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9
Q

Monocytes apperance

A

one nucleus, moonshaped

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10
Q

Lymphocytes appearance

A

round, about as small as the RBC

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11
Q

Platelets appearance

A

small purple blobs

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12
Q

Heart layers out-> in

A
  • Fibrous pericardium: opaque layer
  • Parietal Pericardium
  • Pericardial cavity: fluid-filled
  • Visceral pericardium (Epicardium)
  • Myocardium: thickest
  • Endocardium
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13
Q

Pericadial sac includes the

A

Parietal pericardium and Fibrous pericardium

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14
Q

Base and Apex

A

Base is up top, where the atria are.

Apex is low, the bottom tip of heart

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15
Q

Chambers of the heart

A
  • right atrium
  • left atrium
  • right ventricle
  • left ventricle
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16
Q

What divides the ventricles inside?

A

interventricular septum

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17
Q

Major blood vessels to know

A
  • Superior Vena cava
  • Inferior vena cava
  • Aorta (aortic arch)
  • Pulmonary trunk
  • Pulmonary arteries
  • Pulmonary veins
  • Descending aorta
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18
Q

part that divides the ventricles on the outside of heart

A

anterior interventricular sulcus

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19
Q

Heart valves

A
  • Aortic valve
  • Right AV valve
  • Left AV valve
  • Pulmonary valve
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20
Q

Chordae tendineae are..

A

fibers that attach the valve of the heart to the papillary muscle

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21
Q

Papillary muscle are..

A

muscles that attach to the valve and aid in contraction

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22
Q

Pulmonary circiut of ciruclation

A

Heart-> lungs-> heart

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23
Q

Systemic circuit of circulation

A

heart-> all the body-> heart

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24
Q

Conduction system

A

SA node depolarizes (~70bpm) >AP to AV node> depolarization spreads to AV bundle> Bundle branches> Purkinje fibers> contraction induced on muscle from apex upward

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25
Q

Systole means (in terms of contractions)

A

contracted state

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26
Q

Diastole means (in terms of contractions)

A

Relaxed state (un contracted)

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27
Q

carries blood from body to heart

A

vein

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28
Q

carries blood from heart to body

A

artery

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29
Q

Components that supply blood to the heart

A
  • Great cardiac vein
  • right coronary artery
  • left coronary artery
  • circumflex branch of left coronary artery
  • Anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery
  • Coronary sinus
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30
Q

Blood supply to heart flow

A

left coronary artery> anterior interventricular branch of leftcoronary artery> circumflex branch of left coronary artery> right coronary artery> great cardiac vein> coronary sinus> right atrium

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31
Q

List Arrhythmias and what

A
  • Tachycardia: faster than normal @ rest
  • Badycardia: Sower than normal @ rest
  • Fibrilation: uncoordination of heart muscle contraction. [No pumping]
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32
Q

Atherosclerosis is

A

cholesterol buildup over a long period of time (common in coronary artery

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33
Q

Heart disease AKA

A

Cardiovascular disease

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34
Q

Angina pectoris

A

Neck, chest and referred arm pain from low O2 in the heart tissue (from the narrowing of artery caused from plaque)

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35
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

“heart attack” plaque built up to far that blockage occurs and causes damage to other tissue

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36
Q

Layers of arteries and veins

A 
Tunica intima (tunica interna) : internal, elastic, endothel
Tunica media: smooth muscle
Tunica externa: largest
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37
Q

Large and med veins have these layers

A
  • Tunica externa
  • tunica media
  • tunica intima
  • endothelium
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38
Q

Venule has these layers

A
  • tunica externa

- endothelium

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39
Q

Veins vs arteries vs capillaries

A

veins: thin walls, one way valves
Arteries: lack valves, ticker wall
Capillaries: single layer of cells

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40
Q

2 varieties of capillaries

A
  • Continuos capillary: continuous wall

- Fenestrated capillary: porous wall

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41
Q

Tunica intima in Elastic artery made up of

A
  • internal elastic layer

- endothelium

42
Q

what are endothelium and lumen

A
  • endothelium: inner lining

- lumen: internal space

43
Q

Blood pressure component units and normal ranges

A

Systolic: heart contracts, blood pressure rises. MAX bp
Diastolic: Heart relaxed, blood pressure decreases, Min blood pressure
AVG normal: 120/80 mmHg
hypertension: 140/95 mHg

44
Q

what does extended hypertension do

A

causes tears in the tunica intima->plaque builds up in the tears and overall-> heart attack

45
Q

Parts in the fetal circulation:

A
  • placenta
  • umbilical cord
  • umbilical vein
  • ductus arteriosus
  • ductus venous
  • foramen ovale (closes after birth)
46
Q

Fetal O2 comes from

A

the placenta

47
Q

the umbilical vein carries

A

oxygenated blood which then goes thru the liver and eventually makes it to the inferior vena cava

48
Q

Ductus venosus connects..

A

the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava—disappears after birth

49
Q

ductus arteriosus connects..

A

top of pulmonary trunk branches into the aorta—after birth it turns into the ligamentum arteriosum

50
Q

Upper limb arteries to know

A
  • axillary
  • brachial
  • brachiocephalic
  • radial
  • ulnar
  • superficial palmar arch
  • deep palmar arch
  • subclavian
51
Q

aortic arch arteries

A

“BCS”

  • Brachiocephallic
  • Common carotid
  • Subclavian
52
Q

Neck arteries

A
  • Basilar
  • Internal carotid
  • External carotid
  • Vertebral
  • common carotid artery
53
Q

Abdominal arteries

A

“Cats Should Really Go Inside”

  • Celiac trunk
  • Superior mesenteric
  • Renal
  • Gonadal
  • Inferior mesenteric
  • common iliac
  • internal iliac
  • external iliac
54
Q

“Common” usually means

A

the this part is usually the “mother” and eventually splits into two sections

55
Q

Lower limb arteries

A
  • Femoral
  • Popliteal
  • Posterior tibial
  • Anterior tibial
  • Fibular peroneal
  • Dorsal Pedal
56
Q

Upper limb Veins

A
  • axillary vein
  • brachial vein
  • cephalic vein
  • basilic vein
  • medial cubital vein
  • palmar venous arches
57
Q

thorax arteries

A
  • ascending aorta
  • aortic arch
  • thoracic aorta
  • abdominal aorta
58
Q

Lower limb veins

A
  • femoral vein
  • external iliac vein
  • internal iliac vein
  • common iliac vein
  • posterior tibial vein
  • anterior tibial vein
  • great saphenous vein
  • small saphenous vein
  • popliteal vein
59
Q

head, thorax and abdomen veins

A
  • superior vena cava
  • inferior vena cava
  • renal vein
  • gonadal vein
  • brachiocephalic vein
  • subclavian vein
  • internal jugular vein
  • external jugular vein
  • azygous vein
60
Q

Hepatic portal system

A
  • Hepatic vein
  • Hepatic portal
  • Superior mesenteric vein
  • Splenic vein
  • hepatic veins
61
Q

lymphatic system fn

A
  • immune protection
  • Draining interstitial fluid
  • Transport
62
Q

circulatory system composed of

A
  • lymphatic system

- cardiovascular system

63
Q

Lymphatic system fn

A
  • immunity
  • draining of interstitial fluid
  • transport
64
Q

lymph- means

A

fluid

65
Q

lymphatic vessels drain into

A

subclavian vein and then go into the bloodstream

66
Q

fluid drained by lymphatic daily

A

~3 L per day

67
Q

Edema is

A

accumulation of interstitial fluid because of improper drainage

68
Q

lymph nodes fn

A

filtration system of pathogens in lymph

69
Q

lymph node anatomy (out>in)

A
  • capsule
  • afferent vessel
  • cortex (with cortical sinuses)
  • trabecula
  • medulla (with medullary sinuses)
  • hilus (indentation bean shape part)
  • efferent vessel
70
Q

lymph sinus is

A

a fluid filled space

71
Q

list the lymph nodes

A
  • cervical lymph nodes
  • axillary lymph nodes
  • inguinal lymph nodes
72
Q

red bone marrow is part of lymphatic system bc

A

it is where lymphocytes are made

73
Q

types of tonsils and fn

A

-pharyngeal tonsil (1)
-Palatine tonsil (2)
-Lingual tonsil (2)
masses of lymphocytes, nonencapsulated

74
Q

Thymus gland is

A

where T-cells go to mature, typically large and grows until age ~12
big in chest under the trachea

75
Q

Spleen is

A

in abdominal cavity
has white and red “pulp”

Red: RBC breakdown (all the red purple stained dots)
White: lymphocytes mases (appear roundish white blobs)

76
Q

how does lymph move about

A

skeletal muscle contraction and valves

77
Q

Tissue drainage vessels

A
  • right lymphatic duct
  • left lymphatic duct (thoracic duct)
  • subclavian veins
  • cisterna chyli (below diaphragm, receives drainage from abdomen)
78
Q

Respiratory system fn

A
  • gas exchange
  • sound production
  • self protection: ie coughing, sneezing
79
Q

Upper respiratory system includes

A
  • nose
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
80
Q

Lower respiratory system includes

A
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • lungs
81
Q

Nose and nasal cavity parts

A
  • external nares (nostrils)
  • vibrissae (hairs)
  • nasal cavity [narrow]
  • nasal conchae = turbinate bones (inferior and superior conchae, part of the ethmoid bone)
  • nasal septum (can slightly delay infection)
82
Q

nasal conchae fn

A

slow down air by swirling it and moistening it

83
Q

Regions of pharynx

A
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • laryngopharynx
84
Q

pharynx is lined by what kind of cell

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, which move mucous plus particles toward nose and mouth

85
Q

Larynx fn

A

prevent food and other particles from going into airway, vocalizations

86
Q

Parts of larynx

A
  • thyroid cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
  • cricoid cartilage
  • arytenoid cartilage
  • glottis and epiglottis
  • vocal folds (true vocal cords) [whiteish]
  • vestibular folds [support vocal flds]
87
Q

Trachea genereal structure and lined with

A

cartilaginous rings help keep airways open

lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

88
Q

bronchi types

A

-primary bronchi
-secondary bronchi
-tertiary bronchi
plural
bronchus is singular

89
Q

smaller units after bronchus

A
  • bronchioles (lack cartilage)
  • terminal bronchioles
  • respiratory bronchioles
  • alveolar ducts
  • alveolar sacs
  • alveolus (alveoli) round things where gas xchg happens
  • capillaries
90
Q

a lobule is

A

a cluster of alveolar sacs on the terminal bronchiole

91
Q

Lung features

A
  • right superior lobe
  • horizontal fissure (right only)
  • right middle lobe
  • oblique fissure
  • right inferior lobe
  • left superior lobe
  • left inferior lobe
  • apex
  • hilus
  • base
92
Q

hilus of the lungs fn

A

place where bronchi, arteries and veins come in/out

93
Q

Pleural membranes

A
  • parietal pleura
  • pleural cavity
  • visceral pleura
94
Q

Muscles of breathing

A
  • diaphragm
  • internal intercostals
  • external intercostals
95
Q

inspiration means

A

inhalation

96
Q

expiration means

A

exhalation

97
Q

mechanism of breathing

A

contraction of diaphragm> vacuum created with higher thoracic volume> air pulled in>diaph relaxes> air out thoracic vol dec

98
Q

regulation of breathing done by

A

medulla oblongata and pons

99
Q

Asthma is

A

an obstructive disorder- not normal airflow
-bronchioconstriction with narrowing of airway
inflammation of airway

correlated with pollution (for inc) and pets (for decr)

100
Q

effects of smoking

A
  • damage to cilia in lungs
  • mucous becomes thicker and thus harder to clear
  • Particle accumulation: becomes tar–most dangerous from flavor chemicals of tabaco products
101
Q

emphysema is

A

when alveoli loose their elasticity and overtime breakdown, meaning a loss in efficiency in gas exchange= shortness of breath

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (13 decks)

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