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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Osseous tissue function

A

Os- meaning bone

Support, protection, mineral/ lipid storage, blood cell production, and muscle attachment

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2
Q

Osseous tissue composed of

A
  • cells (osteocytes)

- Matrix (Calcium salts + minerals + collagen)

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3
Q

bone cells called

A

osteocytes

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4
Q

Bone cell developmental stages

A

Osteoprogenitor cells-> osteoblasts-> osteocytes

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5
Q

Spongy vs compact bone

A

Spongy is less dense and has trabeculae

Compact is very dense, and has osteons

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6
Q

Parts of the osteon (5)

A
  • lamellae
  • central canal
  • lacunae
  • osteocytes
  • canaliculi
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7
Q

Full Skull bones (13)

A 
Fontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Nasal Bones
Maxilla
Zygomatic bone
Lacrimal
Vomer
Palatine
Mandible
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8
Q

Costae classifications and features

A
  • Vertebrosternal (true)
  • Vertebrochondral (false)
  • Vertebral (floating)

Costal cartilage
costal end
Head
neck

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9
Q

Os coxae bone regions

A
  • Ilium
  • acetabulum
  • obturator foramen
  • ischium
  • lesser sciatic notch
  • greater sciatic notch
  • Pubis (pubic)
  • pubic symphysis
  • sacrum
  • Coccyx
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10
Q

Epiphysis (epiphyses)

A

ends part of a long bone, divided by epiphyseal line (spongy with compact exterior)
covered with articular cartilage

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11
Q

Diaphysis

A

shaft or central part of a long bone (red marrow producing)

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12
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

line that indicates where the epiphysis meets the diaphysis

(for growth) aka Metaphyses

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13
Q

Marrow or medullary cavity

A

central cavity of long bone shafts where red/yellow bone marrow is stored

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14
Q

Endosteum

A

thin vascular membrane that lines the inner surface of bone cavity, forming the medullary cavity

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15
Q

Periosteum

A

dense layer of connective tissue enveloping the bones

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16
Q

Perforating fibers

A

matrix of connective tissue, made up of mainly collagen fibers that connects bone to periosteum

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17
Q

articular cartilage

A

specialized connective tissue that provides a lubricated surface for joints

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18
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

mode of bone growth in flat bones like the skull, mandible and clavicle

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19
Q

endochondral ossification

A

mode of bone growth in most bones

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20
Q

Steps of bone repair in fx

A
  • Haematoma and granulation of tissue
  • cartilaginous callus
  • bonycallus and cartilaginous remnants
  • remodelling
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21
Q

Transverse fx

A

Break is perpendicular to long axis

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22
Q

Compound fx

A

Bone broken, skin also broken

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23
Q

Comminuted fx

A

bone broken into several pieces

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24
Q

Spiral fx

A

Fracture spirals around the long axis

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25
Q

Greenstick fx

A

common in children as incomplete ossified bone bends and only partially breaks

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26
Q

Oblique fx

A

break is angled to long axis

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27
Q

osteoporosis

A

osteoblast breakdown bone faster than osteoclast can build, leaving bone weaker more fragile and more susceptible to fractures, typically seen in older people

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28
Q

head of bone

A

extended condyle (sits on a neck)

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29
Q

neck of bone

A

skinny area surrounding a head

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30
Q

condyle of bone

A

rounded, smooth, projection modified for articulation

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31
Q

trochlea of bone

A

pulley shaped formation

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32
Q

facet of bone

A

flat articular surface

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33
Q

Process of bone

A

any bony prominence, projection of outgrowht

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34
Q

Ramus of bone

A

branchy part of a bone

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35
Q

trochanter of bone

A

very large, projects outward (on femur)

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36
Q

tuberosity of bone

A

large-ish raised rough, (an elevation in the bone where muscle is usually attached)

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37
Q

tubercle of bone

A

relatively small, rough process

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38
Q

crest of bone

A

elevated ridge of bone, usually rough

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39
Q

Line of bone

A

narrow ridge of bone less prominent than crest

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40
Q

Spine of bone

A

narrow, elongated ridge of bone

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41
Q

Fossa of bone

A

shallow depression (gen term)

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42
Q

sulcus of bone

A

groovy part of the bone

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43
Q

foramen of bone

A

hole or opening for something to pass through (ie blood vessels)

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44
Q

Fissure of bone

A

a groove or cleft in the bone

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45
Q

Meatus or canal of bone

A

a tunnel through thick bone, canal like passageway

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46
Q

sinus of bone

A

an opening completely encased in bone

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47
Q

Axial skeleton includes (main fn)

A
  • Cranium (and facial bones)
  • Vertebral column
  • thoracic cage

Protection

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48
Q

Appendicular skeleton includes (main fn)

A
  • upper extremities
  • clavicle
  • pelvic gurdle
  • lower extremities

Movement

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49
Q

Fontanel is

A

intramembranous ossification is not finished (easier birth)

bone growth in unfilled skull areas- soft parts. present in fetal skulls

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50
Q

List the fontanels in fetal skull (4)

A
  • anterior/frontal fontanel
  • posterior/occipital fontanel
  • sphenoid and mastoid fontanel
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51
Q

Skull sutures (4)

A
  • coronal suture
  • sagittal suture
  • squamosal suture
  • lamboidal suture (like lambda)
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52
Q

Temporal bone features (8)

A
  1. Zygomatic process of the temporal bone
  2. Mastoid Process
  3. styloid process
  4. external auditory meatus
  5. internal auditory meatus
  6. petrous portion
  7. auditory ossicles (incus, stapes, malleus)
  8. mandibular fossa
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53
Q

Occipital bone features (3)

A
  • Occipital condyle
  • foramen magnum
  • hypoglossal canal
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54
Q

Ethmoid bone features (4)

A
  • nasal conchae (middle, superior, inf)
  • perpendicular plate
  • crista galli
  • cribriform plate
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55
Q

Sphenoid bone features (5)

A
  1. greater wing
  2. hypophyseal fossa
  3. sella turcica
  4. anterior clinoid process
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56
Q

Maxilla bone features (3)

A
  • incisive foramen
  • palatine process
  • infraorbital foramen

(4th: alveolar process)

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57
Q

Mandible bone features (8)

A
  • body
  • ramus
  • coronoid process
  • mandibular condyles
  • angle
  • mental foramina
  • mandibular notch
  • mandibular foramen
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58
Q

Lacrimal bone has

A

Lacrimal canal

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59
Q

Paranasal sinuses (4) + 1 other

A
  • sphenoidal sinus
  • ethmoidal sinus
  • maxillary sinus
  • frontal sinus

-mastoid sinus

these help resonate voice, and as air pockets lighten up the skull, warm air, humidify air

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60
Q

Bones of orbit of eye

A
  • frontal
  • sphenoid
  • ethmoid
  • palatine
  • lacrimal
  • maxilla
  • zygomatic
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61
Q

Bones of the hard palate (2)

A
  • maxilla

- palatine

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62
Q

Bones of the nasal septum (3)

A
  • Nasal
  • Ethmoid
  • Vomer
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63
Q

Bones of the zygomatic arch (2)

A
  • Temporal bone

- zygomatic bone

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64
Q

Hyoid bone

A

horseshoe shape, toungue muscles attach to it, Larynx (voicebox) suspended from it doesn’t attach directly to other bones

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65
Q

Auditory ossicles

A
  • malleus
  • incus
  • stapes

[tiny bones in the ear]

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66
Q

Vertebral column

A 
7 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 fused Sacral
3-5 fused Coccyx
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67
Q

intervertebral discs are

A

discs of fibrocartilage

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68
Q

Typical vertebral features

A
  • spinous process: points downward (bifid spinous process)
  • transverse processes: point 90degrees from spinous processes
  • superior articulating processes: meet other vertebra
  • inferior articulating process: meet other vertebra
  • vertebral foramen (foramina (plural)): where the spinal cord passes through
  • Pedicle- connects body to proccesses
  • Lamina: connects arch to spinous proccess

(transverse foramen in cervical)

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69
Q

function of vertebrae

A

for stabilization, cervical curve is subtle, the thoracic and lumbar curves are more pronounced

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70
Q

Neural (Vertebral) arch formed by

A

Lamina, pedicle and main body

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71
Q

C1 Atlas

A

moves up and down “si” movement, flatter. occipital condyles sit on it

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72
Q

C2 Axis

A

Dens: the pivot point “no”

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73
Q

C3-C7 are

A

all similar, have holes in transverse processes

have bifid spinous processes

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74
Q

T1-T12 are

A

have ‘cuplike’ facets for rib attachment

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75
Q

L1-L5 are

A

lower back, main weight-bearing

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76
Q

Sacrum features (5)

A

~5 fused bones

  • superior articular processes
  • medial sacral crest
  • lateral sacral crest
  • auricular surface( where os coxae attach)
  • sacral canal (mainly for nerves
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77
Q

Coccyx

A

3-5 fused bones, allow pelvic girdle to attach in solid manner

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78
Q

Sternum composed of these 3 fused bones list

A
  • manubrium
  • Body
  • Xyphoid process
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79
Q

Ribs 12 pair (aka costae)

A

1-7 True ribs: have cartilage directly connecting them to sternum (vertebrosternal)
8-10: False ribs: have hyaline cartilage before connecting to sternum (vertebrochondral)
11-12: floating ribs part of the 5 false) have no cartilage (vertebral)

the bumpy part of the rib goes in the back, it connects to the vertebrae

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80
Q

Rib features

A
  • head
  • neck
  • tubercle

[body and angle]

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81
Q

Pectoral Girdle includes

A

clavicle, scapula and upper extermities

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82
Q

Clavicle features (3)

A
  • sternal end (connects to sternum)
  • head
  • acromial end (connects to acromion)
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83
Q

Scapula features (10)

A
  • supraspinatus fossa
  • infraspinatuss fossa
  • glenoid fossa
  • subscapular fossa
  • inferior angle
  • superior border
  • medial border
  • lateral border
  • acromion process
  • coracoid process
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84
Q

Humerus features (12)

A
  • head
  • anatomical neck (right next to head)
  • surgical neck (bc common break location)
  • medial epicondyle
  • lateral epicondyle
  • body (diaphysis)
  • capitulum
  • olecranon fossa
  • coronoid fossa
  • lesser tubercule
  • greater tubercle
  • trochlea
  • deltoid tuberosity
  • intertubercular groove
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85
Q

Ulna features (6)

A
  • head
  • olecranon process
  • styloid process
  • trochlear/ semilunar notch
  • coronoid process
  • radial notch
86
Q

Radius features (3)

A
  • head
  • radial tuberosity
  • styloid process
87
Q

Carpals (8)

A
  • Scaphoid
  • Lunate
  • Triquetrum
  • Pisiform
  • Trapezium
  • Trapezoid
  • Capitate
  • Hamate

“some lovers try positions they can’t handle”

88
Q

Metacarpals

A 
Metacarpal I
Metacarpal II
Metacarpal III
Metacarpal IV
Metacarpal V
89
Q

Phalanges (hand)

A

Proximal Phalanx, Middle Phalanx, Distal Phalanx

eg: Proximal Phalanx III

90
Q

Pelvic girdle includes

A

Os coxae (2 os coxae) and lower extremities

91
Q

Os Coxae comprised of

A
  • Ilium
  • Ischium
  • Pubis

These fuse in childhood

92
Q

Pelvis includes

A
  • 2 ossa coxae
  • sacrum and coccyx

features: acetabulum (big socket), obturator foramen

93
Q

Pubic arch is

A

<90degrees in males

> 90degrees in females

94
Q

Ilium features (3)

A
  • iliac crest
  • greater sciatic notch
  • iliac fossa
95
Q

Ischium feature (1)

A

lesser sciatic notch

96
Q

Pubis features (main one)

A 
Pubic symphysis 
others:
-superior ramus
-inferior ramus
-pubic tubercle
97
Q

Femur features (8)

A
  • head
  • neck
  • greater trochanter
  • lesser trochanter
  • linea aspera
  • medial condyle
  • lateral condyle
  • intercondylar fossa
98
Q

Tibia features (5)

A
  • lateral condyle
  • medial condyle
  • tibial tuberosity
  • intercondylar eminence
  • medial malleolus
99
Q

Fibula features (2)

A
  • head
  • lateral malleolus

malleolus”hammer”

100
Q

Tarsals (4)

A
  • Talus
  • Calcaneus
  • Cuboid
  • Navicular
101
Q

Metatarsals

A 
Metatarsal I
Metatarsal II
Metatarsal III
Metatarsal IV
Metatarsal V
102
Q

Phalanges (foot)

A

Proximal phalax, middle phalanx, distal phalanx

103
Q

Synarthrosis articulation

A

funtional
-No movement
“syn” meaning coming together for form something new

104
Q

Amphiarthrosis articulation

A

Slight movement can occur

105
Q

Diarthrosis articulation

A

lots of movement (ie, shoulder, hip, knee..)

106
Q

Syndesmosis is

A

a structural fibrous joint that has some collagenous material

107
Q

Gomphosis is

A

fibrous joint, ie tooth and its socket, collagen fiber holds it together

108
Q

Synchondrosis is

A

type of cartilaginous joint, has hyaline cartilage

109
Q

Symphysis is

A

cartilaginous joint, discs of fibrocartilage, ie pelvis and intervertebral discs

110
Q

Name the types of structural joints (3)

A
  • fibrous (small amount of collagen ie sutures)
  • cartilaginous (cartilage joing
  • synovial
111
Q

Synovial joint parts (6)

A
  • articular cartilage (at end of epiphysis))
  • joint cavity (space for fluid and cushion)
  • articular capsule (surrounding cavity)
  • synovial cavity (fluid filled space)
  • synovial fluid (viscous, filtrate of plasma, hyaluronic acid)
  • Bursae (reduce friction)
112
Q

Synovial joint movements

A
  • Flexion: decrease angle
  • Extension: inc angle
  • Hyperextension: further inc angle. ex: wrist
  • Abduction: moving away from midline
  • Adduction: moving toward midline
  • Rotation: side to side, ie wrist
  • Circumduction: rotation creating a full circle
  • Pronation: moving palm inward
  • Supination: moving palm outward
113
Q

Flexion

A

decrease angle

114
Q

extension

A

increase angle

115
Q

hyperextension

A

further increase angle beyond rest, ie wrist

116
Q

Abduction

A

moving away from midline

117
Q

adduction

A

moving toward midline

118
Q

Rotation

A

at an angle, part circle, ie head, and wrist

119
Q

Circumduction

A

can draw a full circle, ie head

120
Q

Pronation

A

inward movement of palm, while rotating. Like flip inward

121
Q

Supination

A

outward movement of palm, on rotation

122
Q

Depression

A

Lowering, ie jaw

123
Q

Elevation

A

Elevating ie jaw

124
Q

Opposition

A

facing toward each other ie fingers, able to go from parallel to facing each other, allows for grasping ability

125
Q

Eversion

A

moving outward, side to side, ie foot

126
Q

Inversion

A

moving inward, sides, ie foot

127
Q

Plantar Flexion

A

moving foot downward at ankle

128
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

moving foot upward at ankle

129
Q

Retraction

A

moving head backwatd, front back motion

130
Q

Protraction

A

moving head forward, turtle

131
Q

Temporomandibular joint

A

where mandible connects to the temporal bone, there is a tiny ligament inside

132
Q

Arthritis

A

art: meaning joint
itis: meaning inflammation

133
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

autoimmune disease, often disfiguring

134
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

“wear and tear: use of ligaments and joints

135
Q

Chondromalacia

A

roughening of articular cartilage, typically behind patella, not exactly fixable, often from overuse or accident

136
Q

Bursitis

A

bulging and inflammation of bursa, can heal, often in the elbow :tennis elbow

137
Q

Tendonitis

A

irritation of tendon, can go away

138
Q

Na+ / K+ pumps

A

3 Na out—- 2K in

139
Q

Intracell fluidis more ___ compared to extracell fluid

A

negative charged (bc has less Na and more K)

140
Q

Vesicle vs vacuole vs secretory vesicle

A

Vesicle is any “sac”, vacuole is large vesicles and secretory veiscles are specifically used for exocytosis

141
Q

Nasal bones

A 
Nasal bone
Nasal Septum - includes Vomer and Perpendicular plate
Superior Concha
Middle Concha
Inferior Conca
142
Q

kinesiology def

A

study of movement

muscles and articulations moving together

143
Q

blood ph should be

A

7.35- 7.45

144
Q

Proteins fn

A
  • structure (esp intracellular structures and plasma memb)

- cell fn (enzymes, regulators, immune, transporters)

145
Q

Proteins building block all have…

A 
CHNO (PS)
-carbon 
-hydrogen 
-oxygen 
some also...
-phosphorus
-sulfur
146
Q

Protein building blocks- AA

A

NH2
R—C —- COOH
H

147
Q

Responsible for the chemical characteristics of the AA

A

R group

as all the carboxyl and everything else balance out

148
Q

How many common AA are there

A

20 (shuster says 20-22)

10 essential
10 non-essential

149
Q

What happens between molecules in Dehydration synthesis?

A

-hydroxyl group in one molecule interacts with the carboxyl group of another => water
molecules bond

150
Q

macromolecules are

A

polypeptides, several, chained together

151
Q

are all polypeptide proteins?

A

No

Proteins- are biologically important proteins (in terms of AP class)

152
Q

sequence or R groups…

A

seq of AA– determine function

153
Q

1° protein structure

A

basic AA chains

154
Q

2° protein structure

A

ionic attraction repulsions causing folding in two ways depending on what final fn will be:

Alpha Helix: charged, soluble in water (strong and sturdy) [globular]

Beta sheets: insoluble, [fibrous] (mostly for structure and movement)

155
Q

Globular proteins def

A

spherical proteins, important in physiological fn

156
Q

fibrous proteins vs globular proteins in structure

A

Fibrous- structural, up to 2°- beta sheets
Globular - physiological fn, 2° alpha helix
3°

157
Q

fibrous proteins vs globular proteins in structure

A

Fibrous- extended, strand-like – structural, up to 2°- beta sheets
(collagen)

Globular - highly polar, physiological fn, water soluble 2° alpha helix
3°

158
Q

4° protein strucure

A

larger globular protein

159
Q

chaperone molecules

A

help protein folding occur in the correct order

in the cytoplasm

160
Q

cofactors (fn)

A

help proteins do their job,

ie: iron is a cofactor of hemoglobin

161
Q

binding site definition

A

the active site of a protein

162
Q

Substrate def

A

“anything in the environment”

a Ligand is a substrate, as it binds through weak ionic bonds

163
Q

half of the proteins produced in our body are…

A

enzymes- cause other things to happen

164
Q

what determines the primary sequence of proteins?

A

Genetic material

165
Q

Cranial vs facial bones

A

Cranial: parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid

Facial: frontal, lacrimal, ethmoid, maxilla, zygomatic, lacrimal (anything surrounding eyes, nose, mouth)

166
Q

fn of the skeleton (5)

A
  1. support and framework
  2. protection (ie skull)
    3 movement (with articulations)
  3. mineral storage (ie Ca deposits)
  4. blood cell formation (red marrow)
167
Q

tendon attaches __ to __

A

muscle to bone

168
Q

epicondyle of bone

A

bump sticking off a condyle (rough part)

169
Q

notch of bone

A

deeper groove than a fossa

170
Q

groove of bone

A

elongated fossa, often called a sulcus

171
Q

alveolus of bone

A

a socket, most common Tooth Socket

172
Q

sutures are (define)

A

special joint between two flat bones

173
Q

Vertebrae differences

  • Cervical
  • thoracic
  • lumbar
  • sacrum
  • coccyx
A
  • cervical are the only with transverse foramen
  • thoracic are the only that articulate with ribs (thoracic facet do this)
  • lumbar heavy, square and stubby (weight bearing)
  • sacrum (~5) fused bones, sacral foramen allow nerves to enter leave spinal cord
  • coccyx is tail bone (~4 fused vertebrae)
174
Q

herniated disk means

A

annulus tears, allowing the soft pulposus to squeeze put and press on the nerves (sometimes on spinal cord too)

175
Q

List the type of abnormal spinal curves:

A

scoliosis: lateral curve, usually thoracic
kyphosis: hunchback
lordosis: swayback, accentuated lumbar region

176
Q

Facial Bones what for and how many

A

adapted for facial expression, vision, smell and consuming food and liquid

  • orbital
  • nasal
  • oral
177
Q

Red Marrow

A

Red blood cell producing in the diaphyses of bone

178
Q

Yellow Marrow

A

fat storage, most common in adult

179
Q

Impacted fx

A

one bone is driven into another bone

180
Q

Displaced fx

A

broken out of algnment

181
Q

epiphyseal fx

A

common in children, break causes separation of the epiphyseal plate (fragmentation of the plate)

182
Q

Bone shapes (6)

A
  • long (femur)
  • short
  • flat (skull)
  • irregular (vertebrae)
  • sutural (skull sutures)
  • sesamoid (patella)
183
Q

Cranial bones (6) list

A
  • frontal
    -sphenoid
    -ethmoid
    -parietal
    -temporal
    -occipital
    really 8 bones
184
Q

facial bones (14) list

A 
- Nasal (2)
Lacrimal (2)
-inferior nasal concha (2)
-maxilla (2)
-Mandible
-Palatine (2)
-Zygomatic (2)
-Vomer
185
Q

Sulci in the skull are

A

where blood vessels were housed

186
Q

important feature of the frontal bone

A

supraorbital foramina

187
Q

foramen from base of skull (5)

A
  • foramen ovale
  • foramen lacerum
  • carotid canal
  • foramen spinosum
  • jugular foramen
188
Q

menisci are made of what cartilage?

A

fibrocartilage

189
Q

Knee joint parts (7)

A
  • lateral menisci
  • medial menisci
  • anterior cruciate ligament
  • posterior cruciate ligament
  • fibular collateral ligament
  • tibial collateral ligament
  • quadriceps femoris tendon
190
Q

Shoulder joint parts (10)

A
  1. acromion process
  2. coracoid process
  3. coracoacromial ligament
  4. coracohumeral ligament
  5. subacromial bursae
  6. subscapular bursae
  7. subcoracoid bursae
  8. subdeltoid bursae
  9. articular capsule
  10. glenohumeral ligaments
191
Q

Hip joint parts (4)

A

iliofemoral ligament
ischiofemoral ligament
acetabulum
greater trochanter

192
Q

elbow joint parts (5)-auricular surface

A 
lateral epicondyle
ulnar collateral ligament
medial epicondyle
radial collateral ligament
anular ligament
193
Q

ventral thoracic muscle groups include

A

pectoralis
pectoralis major
pectoralis minor

194
Q

list the abdominal muscles (5)

A 
aponeurosis
external oblique
internal oblique
rectus abdominous
transverse abdominous
195
Q

Dorsal muscles (2)

A

trapezius

latissimus dorsi

196
Q

deep ventral and dorsal muscles (5)

A 
serratus ventralis
rhomboids
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres major
197
Q

neck and face muscles (12)

A 
sternocleidomastoid
sternohyoid
mylohyoid
digastric
masseter frontalis
occipitalis
galea aponeurotica
orbuculais oculi 
orbicularis oris
sygomaticus
platysma
temporalis
198
Q

muscles the arm (brachium and antebrachium) (6)

A
  • biceps brachii
  • brachialis
  • triceps brachii
  • braachioradialis
  • pronator teres
  • supinator
199
Q

muscles of the upper leg (14)

A 
sartorius
gracilis
tensor fasciae latae
rectus femoris
biceps femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus medialis
vastus intermedius
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
adductor longus
adductor magnus
gluteus maximus
gluteus medius
200
Q

muscles of the lower leg (4)

A

gastrocnemius
soleus
achilles tendon
tibialis anterior

201
Q

flexion vs extension

A

flex: decrease joint angle
extend: increase joint angle

202
Q

Supination vs pronation

A

supination: lateral rotation of the forearm
pronation: medial rotation of the forearm

203
Q

protraction vs retraction

A

protraction: horizontal movement in the anterior direction (chin forward)
retraction: jaw moves from anterior backward (opposite protraction)

204
Q

Dorsiflexion vs plantar flexion

A

dorsiflexion: moving toes up

plantar flexion: standing on tiptoes (foot down)

205
Q

intercalated discs do what

A

facilitate transmission of electrical impulses in heart. unite cardiac myocytes

206
Q

type of muscle shapes (4)

A
  • parallel: fasiculi run parallel
  • pennate: ‘fan-shaped’
  • convergent: pen-shaped
  • sphincter: fasiculi are circular
207
Q

common muscle organelles (3)

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum
sarcolemma (plasma membrane)
sarcoplasm (intracell fluid)

208
Q

contractile unit of cardiac muscle is called

A

sarcomere

209
Q

connective tissues surrounding muscle fibers (3)

A

endomysium (around myofibrils)
perimysium (surrounding a bigger group)
epimysium (around the whole muscle

210
Q

Sarcomere includes

A 
from Z line to Z line
-actin (thin myofibrils)
myosin (thick myofibrils)
-I-band (between actin filaments, no myosin area)
-h zone (myosin area without actin
211
Q

neuromuscular junction definition

A

structure designed to pass AP from motor neuron to muscle

212
Q

circumdiction definition

A

marking a circle with arm (combination of adduction, abduction, flexion and extension)

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (13 decks)

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