Module 1 Flashcards
11 Organ Systems
- Integumentary
- Endocrine
- Skeletal
- Cardiovascular
- Nervous
- Urinary
- Muscular
- Respiratory
- Reproductive
- Lymphatic
- Digestive
Head anatomical regions
- cephalic
- Cranial
- Otic
- Facial
- Frontal
- Orbital
- Nasal
- Buccal
- Oral
- Mental
- cervical
Abdominopelvic regions (9)
-Right hyphochondriac || epigastric || Left hypochondriac
-Right limbar || unbillical || Left lumbar
Right inguinal || hypogastric || Left inguinal
Anatomical Directions
Cranial, Caudal, Anterior (Ventral), Posterior (dorsal), Lateral, Medial, Proximal, Distal
Anatomical Sections
- Cross
- Longitudinal
Anatomical Planes
Frontal
Transverse
Saggital
Body Cavities- Main 12
Cranial Dorsal body Ventral body Spinal Pelvic Abdominal Diaphram Pericardial Pleural Mediastinum Thoracic Abdominopelvic
Visceral cavity
Deeper layer;
Present in both Pleural and Pericardial Cavities
Parietal cavity
Outer, toward surface layer:
Present in the both the Pleural and Pericardial Cavities
Serous membranes are
membranes that line body cavities and organs, form a two-layered, transparent film that is lubricated. Allowing movement
Name the serous membranes
Peritoneum
Pericardium
Pleura
Anatomy vs Physiology vs morphology
Structure (where, what it looks like) vs Function vs how its shape determines its function
Anatomy substudies
Microscopic: cytology (cells) and histology (tissues)
Macroscopic (gross): Surface, regional, systematic*(most common), developmental, and comparative
Pathological (caused by disease), radiological (as seen in xray)
Hierarchy of structural organization
atom> molecule> cellular> tissue> organ> organ system> organism
cranial
towards head
caudal
towards tail
toward front
anterior or ventral
toward back
posterior or dorsal
close to reference pt
proximal
further from reference pt.
distal
General Types of Tissues (4)
Muscle
Connective
Nervous ( Neural)
Epithelial
Specific Types of Epithelial Tissue (10)
1-Simple Squamous Epithelium
2-Karetinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
3-Non- karetinized Stratified Squamous epithelium
4-Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
5-Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
6-Simple Columnar Epithelium
7-Stratified Columnar Epithelium
8-Pseudo-stratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
9-Transitional Epithelium
10-Glandular Epithelia
Specific Types of Connective Tissues (11)
1-Areolar Tissue 2-Hyaline Cartilage 3-Elastic Cartilage 4-Fibrocartilage 5-Dense Regular Connective Tissue 6-Dense Irregular Connective Tissue 7-Elastic Connective Tissue 8-Adipose Tissue 9-Bone Tissue 10-Blood Tissue 11-Reticular Tissue
Types of Muscle Tissues (3)
1-Smooth Muscle
2-Cardiac Muscle
3-Skeletal
Nervous (Neural) Tissues
Neurons, neuroglia, axons, dendrites
Classification of tissues done by these caterogories
- # layers of cells
- Shape of cells
Shapes of cells used in histology
- Squamous: characterized by layers
- Cuboidal: cube-like
- Columnar: column-like
Neck to waist anatomical regions
cervical, thoracic, sternal, mammary, axillary, acromial, brachial, antecubital, antebrachial, carpal, manus, palmar, digital (phalangeal), pollex, abdominal, umbilical
anatomical regions, waist down
pelvic, inguinal, pubic, coxal, femoral, patellar, crural, fibular, tarsal, pedal, hallux
Posterior anatomical regions
occipital, cervical, deltoid, brachial, olecranal, antebrachial, manus, digital, scapular, vertebral, lumbar, sacral, gluteal, gluteal, femoral, popliteal, sural, tarsal, calcaneal, plantar
List the Types of Membranes
- Mucous
- Serous
- Cutaneous
- Synovial
Mucous membranes are
coated with secretions of mucous
Serous membranes
line the body cavities
Synovial membranes
line many joint cavities
Fascia
“connective tissue” usually areolar or dense connective tissue
- superficial fascia
- deep fascia
- subseroous fascia
Muscle tissues
- Skeletal
- Cardiac
- Smooth
Skeletal muscles
- striated
- multinucleate
- Found in muscles attached to skeletal
- voluntary muscles
*cells are as long as the muscles
Cherry blossom looks like
Reticular connective tissue
Strands of hair look like
Areolar connective tissue
Octopus tentacles looks like
Elastic cartilage
Eyes and clear pinkish background looks like
hyaline cartilage
Cut wood looks like
Bone Connective Tissue
no striations
smooth muscle
Has striations
skeletal and cardiac muscle
has striations and intercalated disc
Cardiac Muscle
cartilage cell called
Chondrocytes
Bone cell called
Osteocyte
Adipose cell
Adipocyte
Meissner corpuscle detects
light touch
Pacinian/ Lamellated corpuscle detects
Deep pressure
Functions of Integumentary
Protection, Thermoregulation, Synthesis of Vit D,
Sensation, immunity (white blood cells in deep layers)
Layers of Epidermis (keratinized)
Stratum Corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Basale
“Cancer Loves Good Sun Burn”
Layers of Dermis
Papillary layer, Reticular layer
Sensory Receptors in Dermis
Pacinian corpuscle, meissner corpuscle, ruffini corpuscle,, free nerve endings (for pain), hair root plexus (for hair movement)
Subcutaneous skin layer
hypodermis
Accessory Structures
Hair, glands, nails,
good for warmth, shock absorption, filtration and sensation
Simple Squamous epithelium where & fn
alveoli lining of the lungs or capillaries— one layer, tile-shaped cells
Fn: diffusion (in&out)
non-keratinized and keratinized stratified squamous epithelium found in & fn
skin, lining of the mouth, vagina
Keratin (strong, waterproof protein so in skin)
fn: line things, protection from outside world, abrasion
simple cuboidal epithelium found in
In secreting parts of glads and organs
- Kidneys (tubules)
-digestive tract
bronchioles of lungs
fn: secrete mucus
stratified cuboidal epithelium found in
Also in secreting parts of glands and organs
also ducts of sweat glands
fn secrete mucus
transitional epithelium found in & fn
bladder
fn: allow cells to change shape, allowing for stretching of the bladder
simple columnar epithelium found in and fn
line digestive, reproductive & respiratory tracts
ie small intestines, stomach linings..
often have cilia(in repro- propel the ovum)
goblet cells
fn: absorption and secretion
lining the stomach and small intestine, goblet cells produce mucus
stratified columnar epithelium found in
pharynx, urethra, anus
fn: line shit, secrete mucus
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium found in
lines upper respiratory tract- Pharynx and trachea
fn: use cilia to move mucus
Exocrine Glands modes of secretion
-Merocrine
-Holocrine
-Apocrine
stuff essentially secreted into ducts
Merocrine secretion
secrete by exocytosis ie saliva
Apocrine secretion
breakdown, detachment of a piece of tissue. ie: breastmilk.
“a portion is secreted”
Holocrine secretion
whole cells get secreted. ie: oil glands
Connective tissues always contain
specialized cells, protein fibers, and ground substance (liquid or solid)
Fibers + ground substance= MATRIX
Types of fibers
- Elastic fibers (skinny, stretchy and bendy)
- Reticular fibers (net)
- Collagen fibers (biggest and thickest)
Connective Tissue Proper (meaning liquid ground substance)
- areolar tissue
- adipose tissue
- reticular tissue
- dense regular connective tissue
- dense irregular connective tissue
- elastic connective tissue
Fluid connective tissues
- blood
- lymph
Supporting connective tissue
- Hyaline Cartilage
- Elastic cartilage
- fibrocartilage
- bone
- mesenchyme
Membranes
epithelial tissues + connective tissues
eg: skin
areolar tissue found in
under skin
adipose tissue found in
under skin, around organs
reticular tissue found in
liver and spleen
dense regular connective tissue found in
tendons and ligaments
dense irregular connective tissue found in
dermis of the skin, kidney capsules
elastic connective tissue found in
lungs, wall of arteries
Hyaline cartilage has
chondrocytes in lacunae. Matrix=collagen in chondroitin sulfate
hyaline cartilage found in
ends of bones, tip of nose, between ribs and sternum
elastic cartilage found in
ear
many elastic fibers
fibrocartilage found in i
intervertebral discs
dense interwoven collagen
Bone has
osteocytes in lacunae.
Matrix= collagen + calcium salts. Canaliculi, and central canal
an osteon is
the functional unit of compact bone
Mesenchyme is
embryonic connective tissue (stem cells)
keratin function
physical protection, makes things waterproof and UV protection
integumentary system consist of
the skin, hair, nails and glands
Epidermis made up of
keratinocytes and melanocytes
Thick vs Thin skin
Thick has thick stratum corneum and stratum lucidum. Is found in palms and soles
Thin has thin stratum corneum and DOESNT have lucidum. found virtually everywhere
Dermal papille is
hair like
the dermis resembles a
net
Hair strutures
- Hairshaft
- hair root
- sebaceous gland
- arrector pili muscle
- hair bulb
- hair matrix
- papilla of hair
matrix part of the hair fn
area of growth via mitosis
Arrector pilli muscle fn
Tiny smooth muscle that pulls hair to an angle and causes ‘goosebumps’
Cross section of hair follice out –in
- connective tissue sheath
- glassy membrane
- external root sheath
- internal root sheath
- cuticle
- cortex
- medulla
part of the hair that contains the pigment
cortex
Hair types
- Vellus hairs: fine, unpigmented “peach fuzz”
- Terminal Hairs: thicker, pigmented, vary in length
Sebaceous glands
secrete oil (sebum) to minimize flaking.
Typically hook into hair, if not they are called Sebaceous Follicles
Apocrine sweat glands
operate in merocrine manner, secrete smelly sweat.
Thought to possibly be involved in pheromonal attraction
Eccrine sweat glands
operate in merocrine method, secrete watery sweat for thermoregulation
Mammary glands
secrete milk, for newborns
Ceruminous Glands
secrete cerumin (earwax) to protect the ear drum 'sticky traps for bugs'
Parts of the nail
- free edge
- nail bed
- nail matrix
- lunula: thick while part so we cant see through it
- nail fold
- nail groove
- eponychium: ‘cuticle’
- nail root
- hyponychium: soft tissue below free edge
Basal cell carcinoma
most common, least likely to metastasize, can be removed
Squamous cell carcinoma
less common, more dangerous, more likely to spread
Malignant carcinoma
Most rare, rapidly spreads, often fatal. asymetrical, irregular shape, color varying
Typically grows in the bottom later of dermis, often do not get big on the outside which makes difficult to detect. A
Factors that increase risk of skin cancer
sun exposure, especially as a child, light skintone
Senescence
the process of aging
infection def , types
colonization by a parasite.
- bacterial (tetanus, food poisoning)
- viral (flu, cold)
- fungal (yeast infection)
- macroparasite (ie worms)
Characteristics of life
- made of cells
- complex & ordered (have boundaries)
- Metabolism
- Eliminate waste
- Homeostasis
- Respond to environment
- Grow, develop, reproduce
Needed to maintain life
-nutrients - for energy & building cells
oxygen
Tissue layers (4)
- mucosa
- submucosa
- muscularis externa (2) -circular (inner) and longitudinal (outer)
- serosa
Function of epithelial tissues
- protect from injury
- absorb (ie digestive)
- filter
- secrete (ie mucus)
- excrete (get rid of waste)
- sensory
Have apical (top, ‘free’ surface and a basal surface
-many have nerve cells but no blood vessels (gets from submucosa)
highly regenerative
Define cilia vs microvilli
Cilia: move back and forth to propel something (longer than microvilli) (reproductive tract, move the ovum)
Microvilli: small, hair-like extensions, increase s.a for absorption (small intestine)
Basement membrane function & definition
Border between epithilial layer and connective tissues. Made out of glycoproteins
“acellular”
act as selective filters, since they are the receptors
Lamina propria def & fn
loose connective tissue with blood vessels and glands
glandular epithelium
where and fn
its a special case of cuboidal epithelium
fn: also secrete mucus
physiology “topics” substidies
- pathology: disease states– autoimmune, genetic, cancer
- infection: bacterial, viral, fundal, macroparasite
- developmental
Positive vs negative feedback loops
positive: every change in environment is accentuated- cascaded
negative: loop causes a change to decrease stimulus (eg blood glucose level)
Functional groups
- amine
- hydroxyl
- phosphate
