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Biology > Module 5.5 > Flashcards

Module 5.5 Flashcards

Plant and animal responses

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1
Q

divisions of the nervous system

A

central nervous system
peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

divisions of the central nervous system

A

brain spinal cord

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3
Q

division of the peripheral nervous system

A

sensory system
motor system

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4
Q

divisions of the motor system

A

somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous system

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5
Q

role of the peripheral nervous system

A

ensures rapid communication between the sensory receptors the CNS and the effectors

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6
Q

what is the PNS composed of

A

sensory and motor neurones

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7
Q

what is the brain composed of

A

mainly relay neurones with multiple connections to allow complex neural pathways
mostly non myelinated (grey matter)

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8
Q

what is the spinal cord composed of

A

non-myelinated neurones make up the central grey matter
myelinated neurones make up an outer region of white matter to carry action potentials up and down the spinal cord for rapid communication over longer distances

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9
Q

what is the sensory nervous system composed of

A

sensory neurones conduct action potential from the sensory receptors to the CNS

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10
Q

what is the motor nervous system composed of

A

motor neurones to conduct action potentials from the CNS to effectors

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11
Q

what is the somatic nervous system composed of

A

motor neurones that conduct action potentials to effectors under conscious control
mostly myelinated and one single neurone connecting CNS to effector

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12
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system composed of

A

motor neurones that conduct action potentials from the CNS to effectors not under voluntary control
unmyelinated and at least 2 neurones involved

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13
Q

divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system

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14
Q

role of the sympathetic nervous system

A

prepares the body for activity

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15
Q

role of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

conserves energy

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16
Q

what are the 4 main parts of the brain

A

cerebrum
cerebellum
hypothalamus and pituitary complex
medulla oblongata

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17
Q

role of the cerebrum

A

controls higher brain functioning
conscious thought and actions
emotional responses
intelligence, reasoning, judgement and decisions making
factual memory

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18
Q

function of the cerebellum

A

coordinates fine control of muscular movements
maintaining body position and balance
judging position of objects and limbs
tensioning muscles
coordination contraction and relaxation of antagonistic muscles

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19
Q

function of the hypothalamus

A

controls homeostatic mechanisms
temperature regulation
osmoregulation
manufactures hormones

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20
Q

function of the pituitary gland

A

posterior lobe linked to hypothalamus by neurosecretory cells
hormones manufactured in hypothalamus released into blood by pituitary gland
anterior lobe produces and releases its own hormones in response to releasing factors from the hypothalamus

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21
Q

function of the medulla oblongata

A

controls non-skeletal muscle
regulates many vital processes
heart rate
circulation and blood pressure
rate and depth of breathing

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22
Q

what is a reflex action

A

a response to changes in the environment that do not involve any processing in the brain to coordinate the movement
the pathway is as short as possible so the reflex is rapid
most consist of 3 neurones

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23
Q

examples of reflexes

A

blinking
corneal reflex
optical reflex
knee jerk reflex

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24
Q

what type of reflex is the knee jerk reflex

A

spinal reflex
passes through the spinal cord rather than through the brain

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25
Q

how does the knee jerk reflex work

A

when muscles at the front of the thigh are stretched specialised stretch receptors called muscle spindles detect the increase in length of the muscle
if the stretching is unexpected a reflex action causes the contraction of the same muscle

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26
Q

role of the knee jerk reflex

A

enables balance e.g. if standing and body is bending or starting to lean forward the muscle contraction straightens the knee or brings the body back above the legs

27
Q

why is the knee jerk reflex unusual

A

nervous pathway only consists of 2 neurones
a sensory and motor neurone

28
Q

why are reflex actions needed

A

survival value
may be used to get out of danger avoid damage to a part of the body or to maintain balance

29
Q

what is the fight or flight response

A

stimulated by the detection of a threat to survival
leads to a range of physiological changes to prepare the animal for activity
activity may be running away or a direct challenge to the perceived threat

30
Q

examples of physiological changes associated with the fight or flight response

A

pupils dilate
HR and BP increase
arterioles to digestive system constricted while those to the muscles and liver are dilated
blood glucose levels increase
metabolic rate increases
endorphins (natural pain killers) released in the brain

31
Q

examples of receptors to detect threats

A

external:
eyes, ears, nose
Internal:
decrease in BP, pain

32
Q

how is the fight or flight response coordinated

A

input from receptors feed into sensory centres in the cerebrum
signal passed to association centres
if a threat is identified the cerebrum stimulates the hypothalamus which stimulates the nervous and endocrine response

33
Q

what is the nervous system response in fight or flight

A

sympathetic nervous system activated
adrenal medulla activated to release adrenaline into the blood stream
glands and smooth muscles activated e.g. HR and BP

34
Q

what is the endocrine response in fight or flight

A

hypothalamus secretes releasing hormones to stimulate the pituitary gland
pituitary gland secretes hormones which stimulate the adrenal cortex and thyroid

35
Q

what releasing hormones does the hypothalamus produce in fight or flight

A

CRH
TRH

36
Q

what hormones does the pituitary gland release in fight or flight

A

ACTH
TSH

37
Q

what does the adrenal cortex release in fight or flight

A

corticoid hormones
e.g. cortisol
increases glycogen to glucose conversion

38
Q

what does the thyroid gland secrete in the fight or flight response

A

thyroxine
increases metabolic rate

39
Q

mechanism of adrenaline action

A

adrenaline (first messenger) binds to adrenaline receptor on plasma membrane
receptor is associated with G protein
G protein stimulated to activate adenyl cyclase
adenyl cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP (second messenger)
cAMP causes effect inside the cell

40
Q

why does heart rate need to be controlled

A

heart tissue is myogenic so would beat on its own but atrial muscle has a higher myogenic rate than the ventricular muscle
chamber must contract in a coordinate way

41
Q

where is heart rate controlled

A

cardiovascular centre in the medulla oblongata

42
Q

how is heart rate increased

A

action potentials sent down the accelerans nerve (sympathetic nerve) cause the release of noradrenaline at the SAN
heart rate increases

43
Q

how is heart rate decreased

A

action potential sent down the vagus nerve (parasympathetic nerve)
acetylcholine release at the SAN
heart rate decreases

44
Q

what receptors input to the cardiovascular centre

A

stretch receptors in muscles
chemoreceptors in the carotid artery
stretch receptors in the walls of the carotid sinus
co2 concentration in the blood

45
Q

role of muscle stretch receptors in heart rate

A

if a lot of muscle movement is detected cardiovascular centre is informed extra oxygen may be needed soon
increased HR

46
Q

role of chemoreceptors in heart rate

A

detect reduction of pH due to increase of CO2 in the blood
HR increases

47
Q

role of carotid sinus stretch receptors in heart rate

A

monitor blood pressure
if BP is too high HR will decrease

48
Q

what are the 3 type of muscle

A

involuntary (smooth) muscle
cardiac muscle
skeletal muscle

49
Q

structure of involuntary muscle

A

individual cells tapered at both ends
cells contain a nucleus and bundles of action and myosin

50
Q

function of smooth muscle

A

unvoluntary muscle contraction
e.g. blood vessels intestine
does not tire quickly

51
Q

structure of cardiac muscle

A

individual cells form long fibres which branch to form cross bridges
cells joined by intercalated discs

52
Q

function of cardiac muscle

A

makes up the muscular part of the heart
cross bridges ensure electrical stimulation spreads evenly over the walls of the chambers
intercalated discs produce gap junctions that allow free diffusion of ions between the cells
action potentials pass quickly and easily between the fibres

53
Q

structure of skeletal muscle

A

cells form fibres
each fibre is multinucleate and surrounded by a membrane called the sarcolemma

54
Q

divisions of skeletal muscle

A

muscle fibre
myofibril
sarcomere

55
Q

what is a neuromuscular junction

A

junction between the nervous system and the muscle
similar to a synapse

56
Q

how is muscle contraction stimulate

A

action potentials at the end of an axon open calcium channels allowing calcium ions into the end of the axon
acetylcholine vesicles fuse with the end membrane the diffuse across the gap to fuse with receptors in the sarcolemma
this opens sodium ion channels
sarcolemma depolarise
wave of depolarisation spreads along the sarcolemma into the muscle fibre

57
Q

elements of myofibrils

A

I band
A band
Z line

58
Q

what is the I band

A

actin filaments
tropomyosin wound around
troponin attached to tropomyosin

59
Q

what is the A band

A

myosin filaments with mobile protruding heads

60
Q

how is muscle contraction started

A

action potential passes along the sarcolemma and down the transverse tubule into the muscle fibres
action potential is carried to the sarcoplasmic reticulum which stores calcium ions
calcium ions released into the sarcoplasm

61
Q

what happens to the actin in muscle contraction

A

calcium ions bind to the troponin altering its shape
this pulls the tropomyosin aside
binding sites on the actin exposed

62
Q

what happens to myosin in muscle contraction

A

myosin heads bind to the actin forming cross bridges between the filaments
myosin heads move pulling the actin filament past the myosin filaments
myosin heads detatch and can bind again further up the actin

63
Q

role of ATP in muscle contraction

A

part of the myosin head can hydrolyse ATP to ADP and Pi to release energy
myosin head moving to slide actin requires energy ADP and Pi are released
ATP attaches again to break cross bridge
myosin head goes to original position as ATP is hydrolysed

64
Q

what is the power stroke

A

movement of the myosin head to slide the actin filament over itself

Biology (18 decks)

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