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Biology > Module 2.1 > Flashcards

Module 2.1 Flashcards

Cell structure

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1
Q

Light microscope image properties

A

2D
Coloured
larger area viewed
Low magnification
Low resolution

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2
Q

Light microscope benefits

A

Can view live specimens
Coloured
Can view whole specimens
Small/light/portable
No training needed
Cheap

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3
Q

Transmission electron microscope image properties

A

2D
black and white
high resolution
high magnification

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4
Q

scanning electron microscope image properties

A

3D
black and white
high resolution
high magnification

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5
Q

Electron microscope benefits

A

Can view organelles
High magnification and resolution

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6
Q

Electron microscope limitations

A

Expensive
Needs training
Large/heavy/cannot be moved
Specimen must be dead

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7
Q

Light microscope limitations

A

Cannot view organelles
low magnification and resolution

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8
Q

Why is staining used

A

To help distinguish between different elements within a cell and view cells which are colourless

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9
Q

Magnification formula

A

magnification = image size/ actual size

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10
Q

resolution definition

A

The ability to differentiate between points on an image

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11
Q

Magnification definition

A

The amount of times larger an image appears compared to its actual size

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12
Q

nucleus function

A

Control centre of the cell
Stores the genome
Transmits genetic information
Provides instructions for protein synthesis

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13
Q

Nucleus structure

A

Has the nuclear envelope surrounding it
DNA organised in chromosomes around histone proteins

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14
Q

Nuclear envelope function

A

control what enters the nucleus
Protects the genetic information from the rest of the cell
has nuclear pores for ribosomes and mRNA to leave through

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15
Q

Nuclear envelope structure

A

Double membrane
Has holes in called nuclear pores for mRNA to leave through
Has areas where the 2 membranes fuse for ribosomes and dissolved substances to move through

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16
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum function

A

Large surface area for ribosomes to lie on
Proteins actively pass through the membrane into cisternae to be transported to the Golgi
Transport system, cisternae from channels for substances to be transported from one area of the cell to another

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17
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum function

A

Has enzymes for lipid metabolism e.g. synthesis of cholesterol, steroid hormones and phospholipids
Involved in absorption, synthesis and transport of lipids from the gut

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18
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum structure

A

System of membranes continuous with the nuclear envelope
Contain fluid filled cavities called cisternae
Has ribosomes lying on it surface

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19
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum structure

A

System of membranes continuous with the nuclear envelope
Fluid filled cavities called cisternae
Does not have ribosomes

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20
Q

Golgi apparatus function

A

Modification of proteins e.g. adding lipids lipoprotein
Packages proteins into vesicles to travel to different part of the cell or the plasma membrane

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21
Q

Golgi apparatus structure

A

System of membrane bound flattened sacs
Vesicles bring materials to and from the Golgi

22
Q

ribosome structure

A

made of 2 subunits which are joined together in the cytoplasm
Made from RNA

23
Q

Ribosome function

A

Protein synthesis
Translates mRNA sequence to form proteins from amino acids
on the RER proteins are mainly from extracellular proteins
in the cytoplasm mainly for intracellular proteins

24
Q

Nucleolus structure

A

No membrane surrounding it

25
Q

Nucleolus function

A

contains RNA
synthesizes ribosome subunits

26
Q

Mitochondria structure

A

Double membrane, inner membrane is continuous with highly folded section called cristae
Filled with fluid matrix

27
Q

Mitochondria function

A

Site of aerobic respiration to produce ATP
Can self-replicate if the cell is in need of more energy
Abundant in more metabolically active cells

28
Q

Lysosome structure

A

Vesicle containing powerful hydrolytic enzymes

29
Q

Lysosome function

A

Separates powerful enzymes from the rest of the cell
Abundant in phagocytes which digest pathogens with the enzymes in lysosomes
Can Digest old organelles and parts can be returned to the cell for re-use

30
Q

Chloroplast structure

A

Double membrane inner membrane continuous with flattened membrane sacs called thylakoids, stacks called grana
Fluid matrix called stroma
Contain chlorophyll, starch granules and DNA loops

31
Q

Chloroplast function

A

Site of photosynthesis

32
Q

Plasma membrane structure

A

made of phospholipid molecules

33
Q

plasma membrane function

A

separates the inside of the cell from the external environment
Controls what goes in and out of the cell

34
Q

Centriole structure

A

made of 2 microtubule bundles perpendicular to each other
Made of tubulin subunits

35
Q

Centriole function

A

Creates spindle fibres in mitosis and meiosis
Creates cilia and undulipodia by lying under the plasma membrane and sprouting tubulin threads

36
Q

Cell wall structure

A

Made of cellulose in plants and chitin in fungi
fully permeable
Provides mechanical strength, cell shape,

37
Q

Flagella structure

A

protrusion from the cell surrounded by the plasma membrane
formed from centrioles
only seen in sperm in humans

38
Q

Flagella function

A

Aid cell movement

39
Q

Cilia structure

A

Protrusions from the cell surrounded by the plasma membrane
Contain microtubules
Formed from centrioles

40
Q

Cilia function

A

For receptors for cell to detect information about its environment
In ciliated epithelial cells in the lungs to waft mucus out of the lungs

41
Q

Cytoskeleton role

A

Mechanical strength, transport within cells
Cell movement

41
Q

Eukaryote and prokaryote similarities

A

Plasma membrane
Ribosomes
DNA
RNA

42
Q

Eukaryote and prokaryotes differences prokaryotes have:

A

membrane bound organelles (nucleus, mitochondria etc.)
Larger ribosomes (80S)
DNA in chromosomes
DNA around histone proteins
Cellulose cell wall

42
Q

Eukaryote and prokaryotes differences eukaryotes have:

A

Naked DNA (no histones
DNA in a loop
Peptidoglycan cell wall
Smaller ribosomes (70S)
some have: pili, capsule, flagella

43
Q

What microscope has the highest magnification

A

Transmission electron microscope

44
Q

Vacuole structure

A

Surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast
contains fluid

45
Q

Vacuole function

A

Maintains cell stability when full by pushing against cell wall making it turgid

46
Q

Cytoskeleton structure

A

microfilaments (actin)
intermediate filaments
microtubules (tubulin)
motor proteins

47
Q

microfilament function

A

give support and mechanical strength
stable cell shape
cell movement

48
Q

Microtubule function

A

for tracks for motor proteins for movement of substances and organelles
form the spindle
form cilia and undulipodia
help shape and support

49
Q

Intermediate filament function

A

anchor the nucleus within the cytoplasm
enable cell signalling
adhere cells to basement membrane, stabilising tissues

Biology (18 decks)

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