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Biology > Module 4.3 > Flashcards

Module 4.3 Flashcards

Classification and evolution

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1
Q

Order of biological classification of species

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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2
Q

How to write binomial names

A

Genus names then species name
Genus name 1st letter capitalised
Species name not capitalised
Written in italics or underlined if handwritten

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3
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms

A

Prokaryotae
Protoctista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

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4
Q

Features of Prokaryotae

A

No nucleus
DNA not associate with histone proteins
DNA in a loop not chromosomes
Smaller cells
smaller ribosomes
No cell bound organelles

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5
Q

Features of Fungi

A

Chitin cell wall
Eukaryotes
Multinucleate
Saprophytic

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6
Q

Features of plantae

A

Eukaryotic
Cellulose cell wall
Chloroplasts
multicellular
autotrophic

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7
Q

Features of animalia

A

Eukaryotic
multicellular
heterotrophic
No cell wall

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8
Q

Features of protoctista

A

Eukaryotic
All they have in common is that they don’t belong in another kingdom so take a wide variety of forms

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9
Q

What are the 3 domains

A

Archaea, Eubacteria, eukaryote

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10
Q

Evidence for the 3 domains

A

Eubacteria and Archaea have
Different cell membrane
Flagella with a different internal structure
different enzymes for DNA synthesis
Different mechanisms for DNA replication and RNA synthesis

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11
Q

Comparison of 3 domain system to kingdom system

A
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12
Q

What determines phylum

A

Body plan e.g. having a backbone

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13
Q

What determines class

A

General traits e.g. number of legs

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14
Q

Order

A

additional information e.g. carnivora or herbivora

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15
Q

Advantages of the binomial naming system

A

names are the same in all countries
so no confusion will occur if the same common name is used for different species or if common names vary for the same species

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16
Q

Evidence used in classification

A

Cytochrome C and DNA sequencing

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17
Q

What is cytochrome C

A

A protein used in the process of respiration
Means all organisms that respire must have cytochrome C
It is not identical in all species

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18
Q

How cytochrome C sequencing helps classification

A

The amino acids in the protein can be identified
Compare how closely related species are
If the sequences are the same the species are closely related
If the sequences are different they are not so closely related
The more differences there are the less closely related the species are

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19
Q

How DNA sequencing helps classification

A

Comparisons of DNA sequencing help classify
The more similar the sequences are the more closely related the species are
If the sequences are very different the species have evolved separately for a long time allowing them to develop more mutations from the common ancestor

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20
Q

What is a common ancestor

A

An ancestor shared by 2 species that is no longer living

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21
Q

What similar features do Archaea and Eukaryotes have

A

Similar enzymes for RNA synthesis
Similar mechanisms for DNA replication and RNA synthesis
Production of some proteins that bind to DNA

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22
Q

Who suggested the 3 domain system and why

A

Carl Woese in 1990
Argued the differences in DNA and RNA synthesis were fundamental and that Archaea and Eukaryotes are more similar than Eubacteria and Archaea and an accurate classification system should represent this difference

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23
Q

What is artificial classification

A

Bases on only a few characteristics
Does not reflect evolutionary relationships
Provides limited information
Is stable
Done for convenience e.g. appearance

24
Q

What is natural classification

A

detailed study of the individuals in a species
Uses many characteristics
Reflects evolutionary relationships
Provides lots of useful information
Mya change with advancing knowledge

25
Q

What is phylogeny

A

The study of evolutionary relationships between species
Involves how closely related the are
Relates to how long ago their common ancestor was

26
Q

What do common ancestors tell us

A

How much time the species have had time to evolve separately to adapt and mutate
More recent common ancestors = more closely related species

27
Q

What does monophyletic mean

A

A group of organisms descended from one common ancestor - they belong to the same phylogenetic group

28
Q

Evidence for natural selection - Darwin

A

proposed the mechanism of natural selection
At the Galapagos islands discovered variation between the same species on different islands
Finches - wide variety but were all actually closely related
concluded 1 species arrived and evolved into many different species

29
Q

Evidence for natural selection - Wallace

A

Independently came to the same conclusions as Darwin

30
Q

Darwin’s observations

A

Offspring appear genetically similar to parents
No two individuals are identical
Organisms have the ability to produce large numbers of offspring
Populations in nature tend to stay fairly stable in size

31
Q

Darwin’s conclusions

A

There is a struggle to survive
Better-adapted individuals survive and pass on their characteristics
Over time a number of changes may give rise to a new population

32
Q

Evidence for evolution - Fossil evidence

A

in the past the world was inhabited by species that were different from those present today
Old species have died out and new ones have arisen
The new species that have appeared are often similar to the older ones found in the same place

33
Q

Evidence for evolution - biological molecules

A

certain biological molecules are found throughout the living world suggesting all species arose from one original ancestor
2 closely related species will have separated only relatively recently - their biological molecules are likely to be identical or very similar
In species that took separate evolutionary paths a long time ago the biological molecules are likely to differ more
Cytochrome C and DNA sequences show this pattern of changes

34
Q

What is variation

A

The presence of differences between individuals

35
Q

What is intraspecific variation

A

Variation within a species

36
Q

What is interspecific variation

A

Variation between species

37
Q

What is continuous variation

A

There are 2 extremes and a full range of intermediate values between the 2 with most individuals close to the mean

38
Q

How is continuous variation caused

A

Often by more than one gene and environmental factors

39
Q

How is continuous variation graphed

A

Histogram

40
Q

What is discontinuous variation

A

When their are 2 or more distinct categories with no intermediate values

41
Q

What causes discontinuous variation

A

Usually regulated by a single gene
Not influence by the environment

42
Q

How is discontinuous variation graphed

A

bar chart

43
Q

Causes of variation

A

Inherited/genetic and environmental

44
Q

What is genetic/inherited variation

A

Genes we inherit from our parents used to define our characteristics
Combination of alleles we inherit is not the same as in any other living thing

45
Q

What is environmental variation

A

Characteristics affected by the environment e.g. overfeeding leads to obesity and exposure to sunlight darkens skin tone

46
Q

Combined effect

A

Many characteristics are caused by both environmental and genetic variation
humans have become taller because of a better diet but you are still unlikely to grow tall if the rest of your family are short (limited by genes)
Not all genes are active at one time e.g. puberty changes in the environment can directly effect which genes are active

47
Q

What is adaptation

A

A variation that helps the organism to survive

48
Q

What is anatomical adaptations

A

structural adaptations
e.g. long roots rolled leaves in xerophytes

49
Q

What are behavioural adaptations

A

Behaviours an organism exhibits to survive
e.g. when earthworms are touched they rapidly contract and withdraw into a burrow as they think it is a bird about to eat them

50
Q

Physiological/biochemical adaptations

A

Ensures the correct functioning of cell processes
e.g. guard cells

51
Q

What is convergent evolution

A

When two unrelated species living in similar environments evolve similar adaptations
despite separate evolution they may look and behave similarly

52
Q

What is natural selection

A

A individual that had a characteristic which helps it to survive is more likely to live long enough to reproduce therefor passing on these adaptations to the next generation

53
Q

process of natural selection

A

Mutation creates alternative alleles
creating genetic variation (intraspecific) -
selection pressure selects variations that give an advantage
Individuals with advantageous characteristic survive and reproduce successfully
They pass on their advantageous characteristic
The next generation will have a higher proportion of individuals with the successful characteristics
environmental variation does not get passed on to offspring

54
Q

pesticide resistance

A

pesticides are a very strong selection pressure
if an insect is susceptible it will die
if it has some sort of resistance the individual may survive
Individuals with some resistance reproduce and pass on the resistance characteristic
Resistance quickly spreads throughout the whole population

55
Q

Problems with pesticide resistance

A

Can cause pests to accumulate in the food chain
If they survive the application of the pesticide their predators may eat them and receive a larger dose of the insecticide

56
Q

Antibiotic resistance

A

Powerful selection pressure
if a bacteria is susceptible it will die
if it has some sort of resistance the individual may survive (especially if the full course of antibiotics is not taken)
Individuals with some resistance reproduce and pass on the resistance characteristic
Resistance quickly spreads throughout the whole population

Biology (18 decks)

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