Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Module 2.6 > Flashcards

Module 2.6 Flashcards

Cell division, diversity and differentiation

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Phases of the cell cycle

A

Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What happens in interphase

A

G1 - growth phase
organelles duplicate, synthesis of products needed e.g. enzymes for DNA replication
S - synthesis phase
DNA replicates creating 2 sister chromatids held together by a centromere
G2 - growth phase
cell grows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is mitosis

A

The division of the nucleus to produce 2 genetically identical daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happens in cytokinesis

A

After mitosis or meiosis the cytoplasm and plasma membrane pinch inwards to separate the 2 nuclei into 2 separate cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is the cell cycle regulated

A

Checkpoints
Checks all DNA and organelles are replicated before mitosis
Prevents uncontrolled division
Detect and repair damage to DNA
Ensure DNA is only replicated once

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Mitosis - prophase

A

Chromosomes condense and supercoil
Nuclear envelope breaks down
Centriole replicates and move to oppositive poles
Spindle forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Mitosis - metaphase

A

sister chromatids line up along the equator of the spindle
Joined to the spindle by the centromere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Mitosis - anaphase

A

Centromere of each sister chromatid splits
Motor proteins pull the chromosomes of a homologous pair apart by the centromere along the spindle dragging the separate chromatids to opposite poles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Mitosis - telophase

A

Separated chromosomes reach the poles
Nuclear envelope forms around the set of chromosomes at each pole
cell now contains 2 genetically identical nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

significance of mitosis

A

Growth
Tissue repair
Asexual reproduction in plants, animals and fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is meiosis

A

Production of 4 haploid cells with genetic variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Meiosis - Prophase 1

A

chromosomes condense and supercoil
Nuclear envelope breaks down
Centriole replicates and move to oppositive poles
Spindle forms
2 sets of sister chromatids come together in homologous pairs
Crossing over - non-sister chromatids wrap around each other and swap sections to shuffle alleles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Meiosis - Metaphase 1

A

Homologous pairs line up along the equator of the spindle
Joined to the spindle by the centromere
Independent assortment - homologous pairs are arranged randomly facing opposite poles of the cell determining how they separate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Meiosis - anaphase 1

A

Motor proteins pull the chromosomes (containing 2 non-identical chromatids) of a homologous pair apart along the spindle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are sister chromatids

A

After DNA replication 2 their are 2 genetically identical chromatids joined at the centromere

17
Q

What is a homologous pair

A

2 sets of sister chromatids that contain the same types of genes but are genetically different as one is maternal and one is paternal

18
Q

Meiosis - telophase 1

A

New nuclear envelopes develop
Each new nucleus contains half the number of original chromosomes but each chromosome has 2 chromatids

19
Q

Meiosis - Prophase 2

A

Nuclear envelopes break down
Centrioles replicate and move to poles
Spindles form at a right angle to the previous spindle
Chromatids of each chromosome are no longer identical because of crossing over

20
Q

Meiosis - metaphase 2

A

Chromosomes attach by the centromere to the spindle equator
Independent assortment - chromatids of each chromosomes is arranged randomly determining the separation

21
Q

Meiosis - Anaphase 2

A

Centromeres divide
Chromatids are pulled apart by motor proteins towards opposite poles

22
Q

Meiosis - telophase 2

A

Nuclear envelope form around the 4 haploid nuclei

23
Q

How meiosis produces genetic variation

A

Crossing over in prophase 1 shuffles alleles
Independent assortment of chromosomes in anaphase 1 randomly distribute maternal and paternal chromosomes of each homologous pairs
Independent assortment of chromatids in anaphase 2 leads to random distribution of chromatids from the pair of chromatids

24
Q

How are erythrocytes specialised

A

No nucleus mitochondria or ER little cytoplasm - more space for haemoglobin
Biconcave disc - more surface area for oxygen and co2 diffusion
flexible - fit through capillaries
small - fit through capillaries

25
Q

How are neutrophils specialised

A

Multilobed nucleus
Attracted towards pathogens
Large

26
Q

How are squamous epithelial cells specialised

A

Flattened in shape - short diffusion distance across capillaries and alveoli

27
Q

How are ciliated epithelial cells specialised

A

Cilia - waft mucus out of the lungs

28
Q

How are sperm cells specialised

A

Flagella - movement
Lots of mitochondria - energy for movement
Acrosome - contains enzyme to digest outer layer of egg
Long and thin - movement
Haploid gamete in head

29
Q

How are palisade cell specialised

A

Contain chloroplasts - photosynthesis
Chloroplast can be moved - closer of further from the sun
Large vacuole - pushes chloroplast to edge of cell diffusion distance
Long and cylindrical - pack together but have air spaces for diffusion

30
Q

How are root hair cells specialised

A

hair like projection - increases surface area for diffusion/absorption
Mitochondria - provide ATP for active transport of ions so then water can move in by osmosis

31
Q

How are guard cells specialised

A

Contain chloroplasts - can form ATP to actively transport K+ ions into the guard cell and decrease water potential so water follows by osmosis
Thickened inner cell wall - when water follows by osmosis the cell swells and opens the stomata for gaseous exchange

32
Q

What are stem cells

A

A renewing source of undifferentiated cells

33
Q

What are plant stem cells called

A

Meristems

34
Q

Potential uses of stem cells

A

Repair of damaged tissues
Treatment of neurological conditions
developmental biology

35
Q

What is differentiation

A

When stem cells become different to one another as they specialise to perform a function

36
Q

Types of tissues in animals

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

37
Q

Types of tissues in plants

A

Epidermal
Vascular
Meristematic

38
Q

Where do the xylem and phloem cells differentiate from

A

The cambium

Biology (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions