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Biology > Module 4.2 > Flashcards

Module 4.2 Flashcards

Biodiversity

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1
Q

What are the different levels of biodiversity

A

habitat diversity
species diversity
genetic diversity

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2
Q

what is biodiversity

A

a measure of the variation found in the living world

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3
Q

What is habitat diversity

A

The range of habitats in which different species live in

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4
Q

Habitat examples

A

Woodland, meadow, streams, sand dunes

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5
Q

What is species diversity

A

The range of organisms found in a habitat

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6
Q

what are the types of species diversity

A

species richness
Species evenness

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7
Q

What is species richness

A

The number of species

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8
Q

What is species evenness

A

The number of individuals within each species

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9
Q

what is genetic biodiversity

A

Variation between individuals belonging to the same species e.g. breeds within a species
diversity is found when there is more than 1 allele for a particular gene locus

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10
Q

Why is sampling needed

A

When wanting to investigate biodiversity it is not possible to count every single individual
a small portion is studied then used to estimate the whole habitat

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11
Q

Random sampling

A

sample sites are selected randomly e.g. random number generator to generate coordinates

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12
Q

random sampling benefits

A

ensures data is not biased by selective sampling

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13
Q

random sampling limitations

A

may not cover all areas of a habitat equally
species with low presence may be missed
leads to underestimate of biodiversity

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14
Q

types of non-random sampling

A

opportunistic
stratified
systematic

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15
Q

opportunistic sampling

A

researcher makes sampling decisions based on prior knowledge e.g. deliberately sampling an areas known to have a specific species

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16
Q

Opportunistic sampling advantages

A

Easier and quicker

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17
Q

Opportunistic sampling disadvantages

A

data may be biased e.g. large and colourful species lead researcher to sample that area
overestimate of biodiversity

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18
Q

Stratified sampling

A

dividing a habitat into areas which look different and sampling the areas separately

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19
Q

stratified sampling advantages

A

ensures all areas of habitat are sampled and no species are missed as random can miss certain areas

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20
Q

stratified sampling disadvantages

A

may lead to over-representation

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21
Q

systematic sampling

A

samples taken at fixed intervals across the habitat

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22
Q

systematic sampling advantages

A

useful when habitats show clear gradients in environmental factors e.g. getting drier as getting further away from a pond

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23
Q

systematic sampling disadvantages

A

only species on the line of within the belt are recorded. some will be missed leading to underestimation of biodiversity

24
Q

sampling techniques

A

quadrats
sweep nets
pitfall traps
pooters

25
Q

sweep netting

A

catching invertebrates
walk through habitat with net
empty contents onto white sheet to count them
used in low vegetation that is not too woody

26
Q

pooter

A

collect animals before they fly away so you can count them

27
Q

pitfall trap

A

small animals
small container buried in the soil, animals moving on the soil surface will fall into the container
water or paper at bottom to stop animals crawling out
shelter in rainy weather so it does not fill up

28
Q

calculation for genetic biodiversity

A

number of polymorphic gene loci / total number of loci

29
Q

factors affecting biodiversity

A

human population growth
agriculture
climate changes

30
Q

how human population growth affects biodiversity

A

as the population grows we demand more food and goods
using resources
destroy habitats
pollution

30
Q

how climate change affects biodiversity

A

species with less genetic variation are less able to adapt as the climate changes
they will have to move to a climate they are more suited for e.g. slow migration
domesticated plants and animals are specifically at risk as they are bred to provide the best yield in specific conditions and wont be able to adapt because of their low genetic variation

30
Q

How agriculture affects biodiversity

A

clearing vegetation reduces biodiversity, species has less capacity to adapt to changes
farming use monoculture and selective breeding o less genetic biodiversity

31
Q

ecological reasons to maintain biodiversity

A

protecting keystone species (interdependence of organisms)
maintaining genetic resource

32
Q

What is a keystone species

A

species which have a disproportionate effect on their environment relative to their abundance.
decline of keystone species will have a dramatic effect on the environment

33
Q

Interdependence or organisms

A

ecosystems are complex and species depend on each other.
All organisms in a habitat are linked
when one species is affected it will affect other species

34
Q

Genetic resource

A

biodiversity decline means genetic diversity also declines
wild plants and animals could hold answers to climate change problems as they have had thousands of years to evolve to the changing environment. selection and breeding could allow us to make breeds that can cope with climate change
new vaccines and medicines could also be found from plants

35
Q

economic reasons for maintaining biodiversity

A

reducing soil depletion (continuous monoculture)

36
Q

reducing soil depletion

A

soils subject to continuous monoculture become less and less fertile resulting in agricultural decline. the crop takes minerals out of the soil and when the crop is harvested the minerals are taken out of the ecosystem.
in monoculture the same minerals are taken every time so the effects are more drastic

37
Q

Aesthetic reasons for maintaining biodiversity

A

protecting landscapes

38
Q

protecting landscapes

A

reducing biodiversity exposes soil and changes landscapes
deforestation leads to flooding
we experience joy and wellbeing when observing nature

39
Q

what is in-situ conservation

A

active management to maintain biodiversity in the natural environment

40
Q

examples of in-situ conservation

A

marine conservation zones
wildlife reserves

41
Q

wildlife reserves

A

designated areas to conserve habitats and species

42
Q

in-situ advantages

A

conserved in natural environment
facilitates scientific research
possible to improve and restore ecological integrity
permanent protection of biodiversity, ecosystems and cultural heritage

43
Q

in-situ disadvantages

A

endangered habitats may be fragmented and small areas may not be able to survive
populations may already have little genetic diversity
conditions endangering habitat may still be present

44
Q

what is ex-situ conservation

A

conserving endangered species by activities that take place outside its normal habitat

45
Q

examples of ex-situ conservation

A

seed banks
botanic gardens
zoos

46
Q

zoos

A

breeding endangered species
conducting research to benefit endangered species
reproductive technology

47
Q

botanic gardens

A

increase numbers of individual plants
bred plants can be replanted in the wild

48
Q

seed banks

A

collection of seed samples
can be used for crops
disease resistant crops
habitat reclamation

49
Q

ex-situ advantages

A

organisms protected from poaching and predators
monitoring and health assistance
selective breeding to increase genetic diversity
conservation sites used to raise money and educate

50
Q

ex-situ disadvantages

A

captive populations have limited genetic diversity
exposed to diseases
correct environment difficult to achieve
plants are harder to get funding for
behaviour may be different making reproduction difficult
difficult to reintroduce into the wild

51
Q

what is the CBD

A

Rio convention on biological diversity
conservation of biological diversity
appropriate shared access to genetic resource
sharing of scientific knowledge and technology

51
Q

what is cites

A

convention of international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora
regulates and monitors trade in specific plants and animals
ensures trade does not endanger wild populations
prohibits trade in wild plants for commercial purpose

52
Q

what is the CSS

A

countryside stewardship scheme
payments made to farmers and land managers to enhance and conserve English landscapes
grants for capital works e.g. hedge laying and planting
improve natural beauty and diversity of the countryside
enhance and restore landscapes their wildlife and habitats

Biology (18 decks)

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