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Neuroscience > Module 5 - Movement > Flashcards

Module 5 - Movement Flashcards

1
Q

what sensations are a part of somatosensory system

A

pain, touch, pressure, temperature, balance

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2
Q

what three structures is the somatosensory system associated with

A

cerebrum, brainstem, spinal cord

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3
Q

what system is somatosensory connected with?

A

motor system via spinal cord

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4
Q

afferent

A

info transfer from outside of body inwards via somatic nervous system

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5
Q

efferent

A

info transfer from inside of body outwards via central nervous system

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6
Q

what type of nerve fibre bundle is found in CNS

A

tracts

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7
Q

what type of nerve fibre bundle is found outside CNS

A

nerves

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8
Q

general steps of afferent pathway

A

sensory receptors - sensory neurons - posterior root - cns

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9
Q

general steps of efferent pathway

A

cns - motor neurons - anterior root - muscles

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10
Q

what two portions make up neocortex

A

sensory and motor cortex

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11
Q

what layers make up the sensory and motor cortex

A

1-3 = integrative functions
4 = sensory input (afferent)
5-6 = output to other parts of brain (efferent)

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12
Q

differences in layer 4 between sensory and motor cortex

A

thick in sensory, thin in motor

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13
Q

differences in layer 5 between sensory and motor cortex

A

thick in motor, thin in sensory

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14
Q

what are the five categories that make up the spinal cord (in order from top to bottom)

A

cranial nerves (C1-C8)
thoracic (T1-T12)
lumbar (L1-L5)
sacral (S1-S5)
coccygeal segment

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15
Q

what are the categories that make up the spinal cord called?

A

dermatomes

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16
Q

two main characteristics of frontal lobe organization

A

hierarchical and parallel

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17
Q

what was the first early motor theory

A

feedback
-wait for feedback about movement, then proceed with next

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18
Q

lahey motor sequence theory

A

believed that feedback took too long

motor sequences - one movement held in the ready, while another movement occurred

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19
Q

how do motor sequences occur

A

prefrontal cortex: movement/behaviour is planned

premotor cortex: info received from prefrontal, and movement coordinated

primary motor cortex: movement is executed

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20
Q

what could damage do prefrontal cortex result in

A

rule-breaking

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21
Q

what could damage to primary motor cortex result in

A

difficulty talking, and moving

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22
Q

why is frontal lobe hierarchical and parallel?

A

hierarchical: movement occurs in a sequence consisting of action in different regions; blood flow increases in regions of use

parallel: movement/planning can occur independently of each other

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23
Q

where does blood flow occur in brain for simple movement

A

sensory and motor cortex

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24
Q

where does blood flow occur for motor sequence

A

premotor cortex

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25
Q

where does blood flow occur for complex movement

A

prefrontal, parietal, and temporal cortex

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26
Q

describe Hess’ experiment

A

implanted electrodes into brains of dogs/cats to elicit species typical behaviour

determined that stimulation of certain areas of brainstem results in STB

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27
Q

cerebral palsy (location of injury, cause, and symptoms)

A

-brainstem injury (typically before/after birth due to lack of oxygen, genetic defects, etc)

-results in rigidity, dykinesia, spacisitiy, difficulty with passive movements

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28
Q

two main types of spinal cord injuries

A

parapeligia (injury below cervical region = no sensation in legs)

quadripeligia (injury to cervical region = no sensation in arms and legs)

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29
Q

where is there no sensation as result of spinal cord injury

A

site of cut downwards

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30
Q

nanotechnology

A

use of small tools (nanovesicles) to improve acute effects of spinal cord injuries

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31
Q

what is scratch reflex

A

automatic reflex of limb to remove a stimulus from body

itching causes reflex

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32
Q

Fritsch and Hitzig discovery

A

used electrical stim on the neocortex of dogs and produced movement in limbs, paws, and mouth

demonstrated that neocortex contributes to movement

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33
Q

Penfield discovery

A

used elec stim on neocortex and produced twitches in different areas

came up with homunculus to demonstrate bodily areas associated with different parts of motor cortex (topographic organization)
- huge hands, lips, and mouth because high association

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34
Q

how did recent discoveries disprove penfield

A

used longer/more intense electrical stim

came up with the idea of movement categories in primary motor cortex and premotor cortex instead of homunculus

conclusion was position point theory

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35
Q

what four movement categories are associated with premotor cortex

A

ascend, descend, jump
reach to clasp
defense posture
hand movement towards mouth

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36
Q

what three movement categories are associated with primary motor cortex

A

chew
hand movement in distal space
hand movement in central space

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37
Q

position point theory

A

states that the motor cortex allows body parts to move using a map of where the parts are able to move in space

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38
Q

Evarts experiment

A

trained monkeys to use wrist to lift weights and implanted electrode in wrist to record neural activity

neural activity continued (and increased at certain points) throughout which demonstrated neurons contribute to execution, force, and planning of movement

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39
Q

Schieber experiment

A

demonstrated that motor neurons are involved in motor planning, withholding movement, and even mental imagery of movement

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40
Q

Nudo experiment

A

removed digit area on monkey

when using better hand, cortical map for that area decreased and grew larger in other areas

when forced to use bad hand, cortical map improved

led to constraint induced therapy

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41
Q

Constraint induced therapy

A

being forced to use injured limb to regain cortical map/movement

good for stroke victims

success depends on frustration of dominant hand

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42
Q

what are cortiospinal tracts

A

main efferent pathways from the cortex to brain to spinal cord

two main ones: lateral and ventral that cross at pyramids

emerge from ventral surface of brainstem forming pyramidal tracts

axons cross to opposite side

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43
Q

what does lateral corticospinal tracts do

A

synapses with motor and interneurons that innervate that limbs and digits of the body

44
Q

what do anterior corticospinal tracts do

A

synapses with interneurons that innervate the trunk of the body

45
Q

what are interneurons responsible for and what do they project to

A

complex body movements (ie. those with joints)

project to motor neurons

46
Q

what are motor neurons responsible for and what do they project to

A

whole body movements

carry nervous system commands to muscles

project to muscles

47
Q

what do corticospinal tracts project to

A

motor and interneuronsal

48
Q

what are anterior horns

A

neurons that jut out from spinal cord

contains neurons and interneurons

49
Q

where are motor neuron cell bodies located in spinal cord

A

anterior horn

50
Q

where are interneurons located in spinal cord

A

adjacent and medial to motor neurons in anterior horn

51
Q

what do flexor muscles do

A

biceps

move muscles closer to body

uses flexor motor neurons

52
Q

what do extensor muscles do

A

triceps

move muscles away from body

uses extensor motor neurons

53
Q

what neurotransmitter is involved with controlling muscles

A

acetylcholine

54
Q

describe basal ganglia

A

collection of nuclei connected with neocortex

modulates activity of cortical systems, association/habit learning, motivation/emotion, motor control

big role in voluntary movement

55
Q

what 3 nuclei make up basal ganglia

A

caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus (internal and external)

56
Q

what 2 nuclei make up the striatum? where is it located?

A

caudate nucleus and putamen (in basal ganglia)

57
Q

where is subthalamuc nucleus located

A

below the basal ganglia

58
Q

where is the substantial nigra located

A

midbrain

59
Q

what are the three main connections of basal ganglia

A

1) all regions of cortex project to basal ganglia
2) basal ganglia projects to motor cortex via the thalamus
3) received dopamine from substantia nigra

60
Q

what are the two main types of basal ganglia disorders and examples of them

A

hypokinetic = too little force, lack of dopamine connections, pausicity of movement, rigidity, difficulty initiating movement (Parkinsons)

hyperkinetic = too much force, excessive and involuntary movement (Tourettes or Huntingtons)

61
Q

how two force and basal ganglia activity relate

A

higher basal ganglia activity = higher force

62
Q

what is volume control theory

A

states that basal ganglia can influence movement based on its two pathways: direct and indirect

63
Q

describe direct path of volume control theory

A

inhibitory:

inhibited globus pallidus - allowing thalamus to produce movement and circuits

if dominant = over amplified movement

64
Q

describe indirect path of volume control theory

A

excitatory:

excites global pallidus - inhibiting thalamus to produce movement

if dominant = no movement

65
Q

characteristics of cerebellum

A

10% of brain

important for motor skills

more neurons and folds than actual cortex

sits atop of brainstem

2 hemispheres

contains a flocullus region

66
Q

describe two hemispheres of cerebellum and where they project to

A

medial = controls face and body midline, damage disrupts balance + eye movement

lateral = associated with hand, limb, and feet movement, damage disrupts movement in those areas

both hems project to other brain regions

67
Q

describe layers of cerebellum

A

3 layers total

2nd layer consists of purkinge cells that are the output cells of the cerebellum

68
Q

in general, what does damage to cerebellum cause

A

difficulty in making accurate movements

69
Q

how does cerebellum produce accurate movements

A

compares message for intended movement with actual movement

sends error message to cortex to improve movement

70
Q

main characteristics of somatosensory system

A

creates sensation which allows movement to occur

consists of somatosensory receptors and vestibular system

71
Q

what is vestibular system

A

creates sensations of balance and head movement

only part of somatosensory that is confined to an organ (ear)

72
Q

where are somatosensory receptors located

A

all over body (skin, muscles, joints etc)

73
Q

describe body hair somatosensory receptors

A

body hair attached to the dendrites of neurons

74
Q

what are the two types of skin

A

glabrous: hairless, high sensitivity, lips/tongue/hands/feet

hairy: hair, low sensitivity, arms/back/legs

75
Q

describe density of somatosensory receptors

A

low = arms, legs, and back
high = hands, feet, lips, and tongue (high sensitivity)

76
Q

what are three main types of somatosensory receptors and what do they correspond with?

A

nociception = pain, temperature, itch
apsis = fine touch and pressure
proprioception = body awareness

77
Q

what are two types of receptors + what do they do

A

rapidly adapting = neurons activate when stimulus starts/ends

slowly adapting - neurons detect is stimulus is still occurring and only activate if sensory event is present

78
Q

characteristics of posterior root ganglion neurons

A

dendrites carry somatosensory info to CNS

cell bodies are located outside the cord

contains a single long dendrite where only tip is responsible to stimulation

79
Q

every spinal cord segment is flanked by __

A

posterior root ganglion that contain different types of neurons

80
Q

what type of info do small axons with little myelination carry?

A

nociceptive info (pain, temperature, and itch)

81
Q

what type of info do large axons with lots of myelination carry?

A

haptic info (touch and pressure)
proprioceptive info (location and movement)

82
Q

do large or small axons carry info faster?

A

large

83
Q

what is deafferation?

A

loss of incoming sensory input due to damage of sensory fibres (ganglion cells in posterior root ganglia)

lots of difficulty with movement

84
Q

what could result from proprioceptive disruption

A

not knowing where limbs are in space

hard to move

85
Q

what are two main somatosensory pathways to brain

A

posterior spinothalamic

anterior spinothalamic tract

86
Q

what is the posterior spinothalamic tract

A

haptic-proprioceptive axons

carries fine touch and pressure fibres to brain

87
Q

what is the anterior spinothalamic tract

A

nociceptive axons

pathway from cord to thalamus

carries info about pain/temp to brain

88
Q

what 3 relay neurons are required for posterior spinothalamic tract?

A

posterior root ganglia neurons
posterior column nuclei neurons
thalamic neurons

89
Q

what 3 relay neurons are required for anterior spinothalamic tract

A

posterior root neurons
spinal cord grey matter
ventrolateral thalamic neurons

90
Q

where does hapsis/proprioception damage occur?

A

side of body where injury occurred

91
Q

where does nocieption damage occur?

A

on opposite side of body from injury, below where injury occurred

92
Q

where does damage to all somatosensory receptors occur?

A

on opposite side

93
Q

what is the monosynaptic reflex?

A

formed by a single synapse between a sensory and motor neuron

simplest reflexes

ex. knee jerk

94
Q

what is a multisynaptic reflex

A

formed by somatosensory neurons making multiple connections with both interneurons and motor neurons

95
Q

what is central pain

A

pain in a part of body that is not obviously injured

ex. phantom limb

96
Q

what is phantom limb

A

sensations felt in limb that is lost

illusions that originate in brain

treated with opiods/injections or counterillusions

97
Q

when is pain reduced

A

in fight/flight situations

theory is that endogenous opioids are generated (which reduce pain)

98
Q

what is gate theory

A

interactions between touch and pain paths influence pain perception

99
Q

when is pain reduced/gained in gate theory

A

haptic-proprioceptive stimulation can reduce pain perception, and absence of stimulation can increase pain through interactions at a pain gate

100
Q

what improves pain

A

activities that activate haptic and proprioceptive fibres to close pain gates

101
Q

why do opioids help with pain

A

gate uses endogenous opiod as inhibitor neurotransmitter.

therefore opioids relieve pain by acting like it

102
Q

what causes pins and needles

A

sitting too long in one position that results in loss of oxygen from reduced blood flow

this deactivates large militated axons that carry touch/pressure info

sensory info flows in pain/temperature pathway instead leading to sensation

103
Q

where are there additional pain gates

A

brainstem and cortex

could be why there is cognitive effects with pain

104
Q

can pain be reduced with gray matter

A

yes, with periaqueductal gray matter through activation via electrical stimulation

105
Q

what is referred pain

A

pain felt in one of internal organs that can be felt on surface of body

Neuroscience (7 decks)

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