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Neuroscience > Module 2 - Brain Anatomy > Flashcards

Module 2 - Brain Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Brain-Body Orientation

A

illustrates brain structure location in reference to the human face

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2
Q

Spatial Orientation

A

illustrates brain structure location in relation to the body

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3
Q

Anatomic Orientation

A

illustrates brain structure location in relation to a cut or slice of brain

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4
Q

3 Main Brain Orientations

A

brain-body, spatial, and anatomical

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5
Q

3 main anatomical organizations

A

coronal, horizontal, and saggital

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6
Q

4 main views of brain

A

dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial

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7
Q

Dorsal View of Brain

A

looking at the top of the brain

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8
Q

Ventral View of Brain

A

looking at the bottom of the brain

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9
Q

Lateral View of Brain

A

looking at brain from the side

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10
Q

Medial View of Brain

A

looking at the inside of the brain

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11
Q

Meninges

A

three layers protective tissue that encase the brain

includes dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid

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12
Q

Dura Mater

A

tough, durable layer of fibrous tissue

encloses brain and spinal cord in a sac

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13
Q

Arachnoid Layer

A

ultra thin and delicate sheet

follows brain’s contours

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14
Q

Pia Mater

A

moderately tough membrane of connective tissue

clings to brains surface

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15
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

solution of sodium chloride and other ions

cushions brain

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16
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

creates reality, motor planning, and perceptual organization

two hemispheres, four lobes

two main sections: neocortex and allocortex

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17
Q

Allocortex

A

3-4 layers of cerebral cortex

controls motivational + emotional states, and some forms of memory

includes hippocampus, part of amygdala, cingulate cortex, structures of olfactory, and other related areas

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18
Q

Neocortex

A

outer tissue of the brain

composed of 6 layers of gray matter

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19
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

performs brains executive functions like decision making and voluntary movement

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20
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

directs movements towards a goal or to perform a task (such as grasping an object)

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21
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

hearing, musical abilities, and language

some facial recognition and emotional processing

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22
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

visual processing

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23
Q

Four lobes of Brain

A

parietal, occipital, temporal, and frontal

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24
Q

Sulci

A

grooves in the cortex

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25
Q

Fissures

A

really deep sulci

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26
Q

Gyri

A

bumps in cerebral cortex
formed from folding

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27
Q

Longitudinal Fissure

A

connects left and right hemispheres

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28
Q

Lateral Fissure

A

runs along the sides of the brain

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29
Q

Grey Matter

A

darker brain regions

capillary vessel support

composed of neuronal cell bdies

collect and modify info

30
Q

White Matter

A

lighter regions of brain

myelin coated axons

form longer distance connections between brain’s neurons

31
Q

Ventricles

A

cavities filled with CSF

four: left/right and third/fourth

32
Q

Cerebral Aqueduct

A

a canal of CSF that runs down spinal cord

33
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

band of white matter than runs length between hemispheres so they can communicate

34
Q

Subcortical Regions

A

make intimate reciprocal connections with cortical areas that process sensory, perceptual, cognitive, and motor functions

ex. when cortical areas receive a threat, they communicate with subcortical regions to increase breathing/heart rate

35
Q

Brainstem

A

central brain structure

hindbrain (motor), midbrain (sensory), and diencephalon (sensory motor)

life-sustaining behaviour

36
Q

Hindbrain

A

contains pons, medulla, reticular formation, and cerebellum

control voluntary/involuntary movements

37
Q

Cerebellum

A

large structure that allows for finely coordinated movements

has left/right hemispheres, a cortex, and a subcortical nuclei (like cerebral cortex)

38
Q

Reticular Formation

A

netlike mixture of neurons (Gray matter) and nerve fibres (white matter)

sleep/waking + arousal

39
Q

Pons

A

vital body movements

40
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

regulate vital functions like breathing/cardiovascular system

41
Q

Midbrain

A

hearing/seeing, and orienting movements

consists of tectum and tegmenjtum

42
Q

Tectum

A

sensory component of midbrain

sensory processing (visual and auditory), and orienting movements

consists of superior colliculus and inferior colliculus

43
Q

Superior and Inferior Colliculi

A

part of the tectum of midbrain

process sensory information (auditory and visual), and produce orienting movements (like moving head towards a sounds source)

optic nerve sends fibers to superior colliculus, auditory pathways send fibres to inferior colliculus

44
Q

Tegmentum

A

controls lots of movement (like eye movement)

consists of red nucleus, substantial nigra, and periaqueductal gray matter

45
Q

Red Nucleus

A

tegmentum structure that controls limb movements

46
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

connects to forebrain + is important in initiating movements

47
Q

Periaqueductal Gray Matter

A

made up of cell bodies that surround aqueduct joining the 3rd + 4th ventricles

contain circuits that control species-typical behaviours

48
Q

Diencephalon

A

integrates sensory and motor info on way to cerebral cortex

two main structures: hypothalamus and thalamus

49
Q

Hypothalamus

A

one in each hemispehre

composed of 22 nuclei

production of hormones, accomplished with pituitary gland

feeding, sleeping, temperature reg, sexual/emotional behaviour, hormone function, movement

50
Q

Thalamus

A

organizer and integrator of sensory information

contains lateral geniculate nucleus

does a lot of relay of sensory information

51
Q

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

A

part of thalamus that receives visual information from the optic tract, and sends it to visual region in occipital lobe

52
Q

Forebrain

A

coordinates advanced cognitive functions like thinking, planning and language

contains allocortex, neocortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and basal ganglia

53
Q

Hippocampus

A

involved in consolidation of long ter memories

54
Q

Amygdala

A

plays a role in anxiety/fear

55
Q

Cingulate Cortex

A

involved with emotion formation and processing

influential in linking behavioural outcomes to motivation

56
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

collection of nuclei in forebrain

voluntary movement and sensory guided movement

Consists of caudate nucleus, putamen, and globes pallidus

57
Q

Optic Tract

A

nerves that go from optic chasm into parts of brain involved with vission

58
Q

Mamillary Bodies

A

associated with recollective memories

59
Q

Lines

A

indicate white matter going back and forth

60
Q

Pyramid

A

responsible for all movement

61
Q

Decussation of Pyramids

A

where motor tracts cross before going to other parts of the body

62
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

nerves that go through different parts of head

help with eye muscles and balance

63
Q

Olive

A

important for movement, coordination, and movement related learning

64
Q

Infundibulum

A

connection between hypothalamus and posterior pituitary

65
Q

Optic Nerve

A

collection of nerve fibres carrying visual messages

one connecting each eye to brain

66
Q

Pineal Gland

A

endocrine gland that helps regulate day/night cycles and secretes melatonin

67
Q

Peduncles

A

assists in refining and learning new motor skills

68
Q

Medial Geniculate Nucleus

A

thalamus region concerned with audition

69
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

bipolar (retina) and somatosensory neurons (skin/muscle)

bring information to the central nervous system

little dendrites

70
Q

Interneurons

A

associate sensory and motor activity in the central nervous system

association cell (thalamus), pyramidal cell (cortex), purkinje cell (cerebellum)

lot of dendrites

71
Q

Motor Neurons

A

send signals from brain/spinal cord to muscles

Neuroscience (7 decks)

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