Module 2 - Brain Anatomy Flashcards
Brain-Body Orientation
illustrates brain structure location in reference to the human face
Spatial Orientation
illustrates brain structure location in relation to the body
Anatomic Orientation
illustrates brain structure location in relation to a cut or slice of brain
3 Main Brain Orientations
brain-body, spatial, and anatomical
3 main anatomical organizations
coronal, horizontal, and saggital
4 main views of brain
dorsal, ventral, lateral, and medial
Dorsal View of Brain
looking at the top of the brain
Ventral View of Brain
looking at the bottom of the brain
Lateral View of Brain
looking at brain from the side
Medial View of Brain
looking at the inside of the brain
Meninges
three layers protective tissue that encase the brain
includes dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid
Dura Mater
tough, durable layer of fibrous tissue
encloses brain and spinal cord in a sac
Arachnoid Layer
ultra thin and delicate sheet
follows brain’s contours
Pia Mater
moderately tough membrane of connective tissue
clings to brains surface
Cerebrospinal Fluid
solution of sodium chloride and other ions
cushions brain
Cerebral Cortex
creates reality, motor planning, and perceptual organization
two hemispheres, four lobes
two main sections: neocortex and allocortex
Allocortex
3-4 layers of cerebral cortex
controls motivational + emotional states, and some forms of memory
includes hippocampus, part of amygdala, cingulate cortex, structures of olfactory, and other related areas
Neocortex
outer tissue of the brain
composed of 6 layers of gray matter
Frontal Lobe
performs brains executive functions like decision making and voluntary movement
Parietal Lobe
directs movements towards a goal or to perform a task (such as grasping an object)
Temporal Lobe
hearing, musical abilities, and language
some facial recognition and emotional processing
Occipital Lobe
visual processing
Four lobes of Brain
parietal, occipital, temporal, and frontal
Sulci
grooves in the cortex
Fissures
really deep sulci
Gyri
bumps in cerebral cortex
formed from folding
Longitudinal Fissure
connects left and right hemispheres
Lateral Fissure
runs along the sides of the brain
Grey Matter
darker brain regions
capillary vessel support
composed of neuronal cell bdies
collect and modify info
White Matter
lighter regions of brain
myelin coated axons
form longer distance connections between brain’s neurons
Ventricles
cavities filled with CSF
four: left/right and third/fourth
Cerebral Aqueduct
a canal of CSF that runs down spinal cord
Corpus Callosum
band of white matter than runs length between hemispheres so they can communicate
Subcortical Regions
make intimate reciprocal connections with cortical areas that process sensory, perceptual, cognitive, and motor functions
ex. when cortical areas receive a threat, they communicate with subcortical regions to increase breathing/heart rate
Brainstem
central brain structure
hindbrain (motor), midbrain (sensory), and diencephalon (sensory motor)
life-sustaining behaviour
Hindbrain
contains pons, medulla, reticular formation, and cerebellum
control voluntary/involuntary movements
Cerebellum
large structure that allows for finely coordinated movements
has left/right hemispheres, a cortex, and a subcortical nuclei (like cerebral cortex)
Reticular Formation
netlike mixture of neurons (Gray matter) and nerve fibres (white matter)
sleep/waking + arousal
Pons
vital body movements
Medulla Oblongata
regulate vital functions like breathing/cardiovascular system
Midbrain
hearing/seeing, and orienting movements
consists of tectum and tegmenjtum
Tectum
sensory component of midbrain
sensory processing (visual and auditory), and orienting movements
consists of superior colliculus and inferior colliculus
Superior and Inferior Colliculi
part of the tectum of midbrain
process sensory information (auditory and visual), and produce orienting movements (like moving head towards a sounds source)
optic nerve sends fibers to superior colliculus, auditory pathways send fibres to inferior colliculus
Tegmentum
controls lots of movement (like eye movement)
consists of red nucleus, substantial nigra, and periaqueductal gray matter
Red Nucleus
tegmentum structure that controls limb movements
Substantia Nigra
connects to forebrain + is important in initiating movements
Periaqueductal Gray Matter
made up of cell bodies that surround aqueduct joining the 3rd + 4th ventricles
contain circuits that control species-typical behaviours
Diencephalon
integrates sensory and motor info on way to cerebral cortex
two main structures: hypothalamus and thalamus
Hypothalamus
one in each hemispehre
composed of 22 nuclei
production of hormones, accomplished with pituitary gland
feeding, sleeping, temperature reg, sexual/emotional behaviour, hormone function, movement
Thalamus
organizer and integrator of sensory information
contains lateral geniculate nucleus
does a lot of relay of sensory information
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
part of thalamus that receives visual information from the optic tract, and sends it to visual region in occipital lobe
Forebrain
coordinates advanced cognitive functions like thinking, planning and language
contains allocortex, neocortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and basal ganglia
Hippocampus
involved in consolidation of long ter memories
Amygdala
plays a role in anxiety/fear
Cingulate Cortex
involved with emotion formation and processing
influential in linking behavioural outcomes to motivation
Basal Ganglia
collection of nuclei in forebrain
voluntary movement and sensory guided movement
Consists of caudate nucleus, putamen, and globes pallidus
Optic Tract
nerves that go from optic chasm into parts of brain involved with vission
Mamillary Bodies
associated with recollective memories
Lines
indicate white matter going back and forth
Pyramid
responsible for all movement
Decussation of Pyramids
where motor tracts cross before going to other parts of the body
Cranial Nerves
nerves that go through different parts of head
help with eye muscles and balance
Olive
important for movement, coordination, and movement related learning
Infundibulum
connection between hypothalamus and posterior pituitary
Optic Nerve
collection of nerve fibres carrying visual messages
one connecting each eye to brain
Pineal Gland
endocrine gland that helps regulate day/night cycles and secretes melatonin
Peduncles
assists in refining and learning new motor skills
Medial Geniculate Nucleus
thalamus region concerned with audition
Sensory Neurons
bipolar (retina) and somatosensory neurons (skin/muscle)
bring information to the central nervous system
little dendrites
Interneurons
associate sensory and motor activity in the central nervous system
association cell (thalamus), pyramidal cell (cortex), purkinje cell (cerebellum)
lot of dendrites
Motor Neurons
send signals from brain/spinal cord to muscles
