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Neuroscience > Module 4 - Audition > Flashcards

Module 4 - Audition Flashcards

1
Q

what is the medial geniculate nucleus

A

major thalamic region associated with audition

allows for complex sound perception

gets info from both inferior colliculi

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2
Q

location of the primary auditory cortex

A

within Heschl’s gyrus and surrounded by secondary areas

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3
Q

what percentage of auditory pathways are ipsilateral and contralateral

A

40% ipsilateral and 60% contralateral

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4
Q

what is cochlear nucleus responsible for?

A

frequency
on/off functions
intensity

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5
Q

what is trapezoid body responsible for?

A

direction

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6
Q

what is superior olivary complex responsible for?

A

combines info from both ears for localization/direction purposes

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7
Q

what is the inferior colliculus responsible for?

A

attention
reflexive response

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8
Q

what is planum temporal associated with? what is another name for it?

A

language

Wernicke’s area

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9
Q

Is the left or right planum temporal larger? (wernicke’s area)

A

left is larger in all right-handed people

(and 70% of left handed)

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10
Q

Is the left or right Heschl’s gyrus larger

A

right is larger

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11
Q

what is the insula

A

contains regions related to language and taste perception

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12
Q

what does pitch perception correspond with?

A

frequency of sound waves

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13
Q

hair cells in cochlea code frequency as function of ___

A

location on basilar membrane

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14
Q

what type of frequency waves maximally displaces hair cell cilia at base of cochlea?

A

high frequency waves

results in high pitched noises

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15
Q

what type of frequency waves maximally displaces hair cell cilia at apex of cochlea?

A

low frequency waves

results in low pitched noises

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16
Q

how many hair cells are each bipolar cell connected to? what does this mean?

A

one

therefore info is conveyed about only one spot on basilar membrane

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17
Q

can hair cells respond to frequencies other than the one that maximally displaces them?

A

yes, if amplitude is large enough

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18
Q

what does the anterior end of primary auditory cortex correspond with?

A

apex of cochlea hence low frequencies

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19
Q

what does the posterior end of the primary auditory cortex correspond with?

A

the base of the cochlea hence high frequencies

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20
Q

what do neurons code for

A

pitch
location
loudness
patterns

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21
Q

what codes pitch

A

hair cell cilia on basilar membrane

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22
Q

what are cochlear implants

A

electronic devices surgically inserted in inner ear to help deaf people hear

captures sound via microphone. processor converts frequencies into electric current and stimulates locations on basilar membrane

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23
Q

do bipolar cells fire more when louder or quieter

A

fire more with louder sounds

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24
Q

what is the intensity of sound waves in terms of loudness matched by?

A

vibrations on basilar membrane

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25
Q

what is loudness measured in?

A

decibels

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26
Q

what is pitch measured in

A

hertz

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27
Q

what is loudness associated with

A

amplitude of sound wave

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28
Q

what are the different levels of loudness?

A

threshold = softest humans can detect (0)
normal = between 40-60
damaging/prolonged sounds = 100 and above

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29
Q

what two mechanisms are used to detect loudness?

A

intramural time difference and intramural intensity time difference

provided by cochlear nerve synapses on either side of the brain

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30
Q

what is intramural time difference? where is the process carried out?

A

neurons in brainstem computing the difference in a sound wave’s arrival time in each ear

arrival computation determined in superior olivary complex

31
Q

what happens if sound source is right in front of us? (not off to the side) using intramural time difference mechanism?

A

ITD becomes smaller until there is no difference

results in turning head allowing sound waves to strike one ear sooner

32
Q

what is interaural intensity difference? where is it carried out?

A

used to detect the source of sound by utilizing the sound’s relative loudness on left/right side

higher freq waves on one side of head are louder than on the other

superior olive and trapezoid bodies calculate difference

33
Q

what happens if sound source is right in front of us (not off to side) using intraural intensity difference?

A

head must be tilted to detect sound difference just like ITD

34
Q

what happens if sound source is right in front of us (not off to side) using intraural intensity difference?

A

head must be tilted to detect sound difference just like ITD

35
Q

what two pathways do humans have for audition?

A

dorsal and ventral

36
Q

what occurs in the neurons of ventral auditory pathway

A

decode complex sounds (referred to as auditory object recognition)

spectral complexity

37
Q

what occurs in the neurons of the dorsal auditory pathway

A

integrating auditory and somatosensory information

38
Q

what hemisphere does music ability take place in

A

right hemisphere

39
Q

are languages more similar or different

A

similar, even though multiple languages may be difficult to learn

40
Q

what did Chomsky discover

A

humans have innate capacity for language

41
Q

is human language genetic/innate? why?

A

universal in all populations

children learn language early in life easily (don’t really need to be taught, learn through observation)

languages have common structural elements (syntaxes, have grammar, etc.)

42
Q

describe Broca’s research (experiment + conclusions)

A

examined dead patients who had trouble with speech

confirmed that certain language functions located in left frontal lobe due due to this area being damaged

area known as Broca’s area

43
Q

what is Broca’s Area

A

left hemisphere speech area that functions with motor cortex to produce movements needed for speaking

44
Q

describe Wernicke’s research (experiment + conclusions)

A

examined patients with difficulty understanding langauge

identified posterior left temporal lobe (planum temporal) to be a speech zone

known as Wernicke’s area

45
Q

what is Wernicke’s area

A

area associated with language comprehension

46
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

can speak fluently, but their language makes little sense

47
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

cannot speak despite having normal comprehension/physiology because they cannot make the movements required to talk

48
Q

what connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas

A

arcuate fasciculus

49
Q

what is double dissociation

A

method for showing that two areas of neocortex are functionally dissociated

two different behavioural tests used - each must be affected by damage in one area, but not another

50
Q

what is Wernicke’s model

A

thought - wernicke’s area - Broca’s area - facial area of motor cortex - cranial nerves - speak

describes idea that Broca’s and Wernicke’s work together to allow speaking

51
Q

what did Penfield come up with in terms of brain mapping

A

engaged in brain stimulation on awake patients during surgery

52
Q

what did Penfield discover

A

that Broca’s area is not the independent site of speech production and Wernicke’s area is not the independent site of language comp

53
Q

what four areas did penfield identify?

A

broca’s area
wernicke’s area
dorsal region of frontal lobe (supplementary language area)
motor/somatosensory areas for mouth and tongue

effects on speech vary by region, but damage to any disrupts speech in some way

54
Q

what is PET

A

brain-imaging technique that detects changes in blood flow

used to study metabolic activity of brain cells engaged in tasks

55
Q

describe outcomes of Zatorre’s research

A

listening to bursts of noise activates primary auditory cortex

listening to words activates Wernicke’s area

discriminating speech sounds activates Broca’s area

56
Q

what is A1 primarily responsible for

A

analyzes all incoming auditory signals, speech and non speech

57
Q

what are secondary auditory areas responsible for

A

higher order signal processing required for things like analyzing language sound patterns

58
Q

in what hemisphere does music processing take place

A

right hemisphere

59
Q

in what hemisphere does language processing take place

A

left. hemisphere

60
Q

describe Ravel case study

A

developed aphasia due to brain disorder caused by stroke/blow to head in left hemisphere

many musical skills still in tact because localized to right hemisphere (ex. recognizing melodies)

some abilities gone (like producing music)

61
Q

where does production of music take place in brain

A

playing writing and composing seem to be localized to left hemisphere

62
Q

where does perception/recognition of music take place in brain

A

right hemisphere

63
Q

where does listening to bursts of noise take place in brain

A

Heschl’s gyrus

64
Q

where does listening to melodies take place in brain

A

A2

65
Q

where does comparing pitches take place in brain

A

frontal lobe

66
Q

who is music therapy most useful for

A

people post stroke or Parkinson’s

67
Q

why is music therapy helpful

A

listening to rhythm activates motor areas and improves gait/arm movements

reduces pain perception and medication use after surgery

improves mood in depression/post-traumatic injury patients

enhances ability to distinguish speech sounds

68
Q

what are otoacoustic emissions

A

spontaneous/evoked sound waves produced within ear by cochlea

69
Q

what are spontaneous otoacoustic emissions

A

occur without external stimulation

70
Q

what are evoked otoacoustic emissions

A

generated in response to sound waves

useful to assessing hearing impairments

71
Q

what is echolocation

A

ability to use sound to locate objects in space

72
Q

what happens as a result of left-hem dysfunction

A

seizures

73
Q

what is a seizure

A

involves losing consciousness, and engaging in repetitive behaviours

solved by medication, or surgery

74
Q

what is amnusia

A

tone deaf - inability to distinguish between musical notes

Neuroscience (7 decks)

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