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Neuroscience > Module 3 - Vision > Flashcards

Module 3 - Vision Flashcards

1
Q

4 sensory systems

A

olfactory, audition, visual, and somatosensory

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2
Q

what are sensory receptors

A

transduce energy from environment into neural activity

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3
Q

receptive field

A

a sensory space in which a stimulus modifies a receptor’s activity

produces patterns/maps

brain uses to identify sensory info

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4
Q

neural relays

A

the idea that receptors connect to cortex through sequence of connecting neurons sharing information

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5
Q

sensory coding

A

after being transduce, information from sensory systems is encoded by action potentials that travel along nerves until entering spinal cord/brain

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6
Q

topographic map

A

neural-spatial representation of sensory world

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7
Q

what part of electromagnetic spectrum can humans see

A

visual light (400-700nm)

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8
Q

sclera

A

the white of the eye

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9
Q

cornea

A

clear outer covering

bends light upon entering the eye

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10
Q

iris

A

colored area of eye

opens/closes to allow light in through the pupil

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11
Q

pupil

A

black part of eye where light enters

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12
Q

lens

A

focuses and bends light after the cornea

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13
Q

retina

A

where light energy initiates neural activity

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14
Q

fovea

A

the centre of there retina

high density of photoreceptors specialized for color

specialized for high visual acuity

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15
Q

optic disc

A

where blood vessels enter the eye

where nerves from optic nerve leave the eye

no receptors and is where blind spot is located

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16
Q

blind spot

A

no receptors

in optic disc

location is different in each eye - right eye can see left eye’s blind spot and vice versa

17
Q

myopia

A

nearsightedness

cannot see far away things

light falls short of retina

18
Q

hyperopia

A

farsightedness

cannot see close things

light falls beyond retina

19
Q

2 main types of retinal neurons

A

bipolar and ganglion cells

20
Q

characteristics of retinal neurons

A

translucent, not light sensitive, located at the front of retina

21
Q

2 types of photoreceptors

A

rods and cones

22
Q

characteristics of photoreceptors

A

located at back of eye, work with retinal neurons to translate light into action potentials, discriminate wavelengths to create colours etc.

23
Q

characteristics of rods

A

low light specialization

more numerous than cones

longer and cylindrical

24
Q

characteristics of cones

A

responsive to low light

less numerous than cones

specialized for colour and high visual acuity

25
Q

three types of cones

A

s cones (small = blue light) m cones (medium = green light) l cones (long = red light)

26
Q

two types of retinal ganglion cells

A

m cells and p cells

27
Q

characteristics of m cells

A

large

receive input from rods

sensitive to light, not color

found throughout retina and periphery

sensitive to movement

28
Q

characteristics of p cells

A

small, found mostly in fovea

receive in put from cones

sensitive to color, not light

sensitive to differences in form

29
Q

optic chiasm

A

junction of optic nerves

where the optic nerves cross before entering the brain after exiting each eye

30
Q

three pathways from retina to lobes in brain

A

geniculostriate system

tectopulvinar system

retinohypothalamic tract

31
Q

two possible streams to lobes after apthways

A

dorsal (parietal lobe) and ventral (temporal lobe)

32
Q

visual field

A

what is seen by the eyes

divided into right and left visual fields

input from right visual field goes into left hemisphere and vice versa

33
Q

how is neural excitation demonstrated

A

an increase in firing

34
Q

how is neural inhibition demonstrated

A

a decrease in firing

35
Q

where is shape constructed

A

in the cortex from information that ganglion cells pass on about events in their receptive fields

36
Q

why is shape not constructed in retina

A

receptive fields are too small

Neuroscience (7 decks)

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