Module 5: Memory Flashcards
is the means by which we retain and draw on our past experiences to use that information in the present.
Memory
Processes in Memory (3)
- Encoding
- Storage
- Retrieval
refers to the dynamic mechanisms associated with storing, retaining, and retrieving information about past experiences.
Memory
- processes used to store information in memory.
- It refers how you transform a physical sensory input into
a kind of representation
that can be placed into memory.
Encoding
- processes used to maintain information in memory.
- It refers to how you retain encoded information in memory.
Storage
- processes used to get information back out of memory.
- It refers on how you gain access to information stored in memory.
Retrieval
Tasks used for measuring memory (4)
- Recall Tasks
- Recognition Tasks
- Implicit Memory Tasks
- Explicit Memory Tasks
- To produce a fact, a word, or other item from memory
Recall Tasks
- to select or otherwise identify an item as being one that you learned previously.
- Multiple choice and true or false questions
Recognition Tasks
3 under Recall Tasks
- Serial Recall Task – repeat items in a list in exact order you heard them
- Free Recall Task – repeat items in a list in any order
- Cued-Recall Task – memorize a list of paired items; then you are given an item in the pair and you must recall the mate for that item.
- Require participants to complete task. The completion of the task indirectly indicates memory. When we recollect something but are not conscious aware that we are trying to do so.
- Word completion tasks; Procedural memory
Implicit Memory Tasks
- Involve conscious recollection. Participants know they are trying to retrieve information from memory
- What is your first name? Where do you live?
Explicit Memory Tasks
Models of Memory
- Traditional Model of Memory
- Levels -of-Processing Model
- Integrative Model:
The Working Memory - Multiple Memory
Systems - A Connectionist
Perspective
three memory stores
- Sensory Store
- Short-term Store
- Long-term Store
capable of storing relatively limited amounts of information for very brief periods
Sensory Store
capable of storing information for somewhat longer periods but of relatively limited capacity as well;
Short-term Store
of very large capacity, capable of storing information for very long periods, perhaps even indefinitely
Long-term Store
discrete visual sensory register that holds information for very short periods.
Iconic Store
The initial discovery regarding the existence of the iconic store
came from a doctoral dissertation by a graduate student at Harvard University named
George Sperling (1960).
how much information we can encode in a single, brief glance at a set of stimuli
Sperling’s Discovery
Sperling’s Discovery (2)
- Whole Report Procedure
- Partial Report Procedure
control processes available that regulate the flow of information to and from the long - term store
Short-term Store
material remains in the short-term store for about ____ , unless it is rehearsed to retain it
30 seconds
our immediate (short-term) memory capacity for a wide range of items appears to be about ___ items, plus or minus two
seven
Here we keep memories that stay with us over long periods, perhaps indefinitely.
Long-term Store
Levels-of-Processing
Model
Physical, Phonological, Semantic
very high levels of recall when asked to
relate words meaningfully to the participants by determining whether the words describe them.
Self-reference effect
Most widely used and accepted model
Integrative Model:
The Working Memory
Components of
Working Memory (5)
- Visuospatial Sketchpad
- Phonological Loop
- Central Executive
- Subsidiary slave systems
- Episodic Buffer
holds only the most recently activated, or conscious, portion
of long-term memory, and it moves these activated elements into and out of brief, temporary memory storage
Working Memory
briefly holds inner speech for verbal comprehension and for acoustic rehearsal.
Phonological Loop
briefly holds visual images
Visuospatial Sketchpad
the gating mechanism that decides what information to process further and how to process this information.
Central Executive
perform other cognitive or perceptual tasks
Subsidiary slave systems
limited-capacity system that is capable of binding information from the visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological loop as well as from long-term memory into a unitary episodic representation. This component integrates information from different parts of working memory so that they make sense to us.
Episodic buffer
Multiple Memory
Systems (2)
- Semantic Memory
- Episodic Memory
stores personally experienced events or episodes.
According to Tulving, we use episodic memory when we learn lists of words or when we need to recall something that occurred to us at a particular time or in a particular context.
- Episodic Memory
stores general world knowledge. It is our memory for facts that are not unique to us and that are not recalled in any particular temporal context
Semantic Memory
the key to knowledge representation
lies in the connections among various nodes, or elements, stored in memory, not in each individual node
A Connectionist Perspective
a node that activates a connected node.
prime
- Someone who demonstrates extraordinarily keen memory ability, usually based on using special techniques for memory enhancement
Mnemonists
most famous mnemonist studied by Alexander Luria.
“S”
severe loss of explicit memory
Amnesia
The experience of sensations in a sensory modality different from the sense that has been physically stimulated.
Synesthesia
3 types of amnesia
- Retrograde
- Anterograde Amnesia
- Infantile Amnesia
- is a disease of older adults that causes dementia as well as progressive memory loss (Alois Alzheimer)
- Alzheimer’s Disease
repeated recitation of an item that leads to practice effects
Rehearsal
meaningful integration of an item into what is
already in long-term storage; meaningful connection to one
another
Elaborative rehearsal
repetition of an item; temporarily maintains information in short-term memory
Maintenance Rehearsal
Distribution of study session over time affects consolidation of information in long-term memory
Spacing Effect
specific techniques to help you memorize lists of words
Mnemonic Devices
operations being done one after another. In other
words, on the digit-recall task, the digits would be retrieved in succession, rather than all at once
Serial processing
the simultaneous handling of multiple operations. As applied to short -term memory, the items stored in short -term memory would be retrieved all at once, not one at a time
Parallel Processing
