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Cognitive Psychology > Module 2: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE > Flashcards

Module 2: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE Flashcards

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1
Q

THEY concerned with how the anatomy (physical structures of the body) and the physiology (functions and processes of the body) of the nervous system affect and are affected by human cognition.

A

Cognitive psychologists

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2
Q

the field of study linking the brain and other aspects of the nervous system to cognitive processing and, ultimately, to behavior. The brain is the organ in our bodies that most directly controls our thoughts, emotions, and motivations

A

Cognitive neuroscience

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3
Q

Gross Anatomy of the Brain:(3)

A

Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain

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4
Q

_____ IS THE BASIS FOR OUR ABILITY TO PERCEIVE, ADAPT TO, AND INTERACT WITH THE WORLD AROUND US

A

NERVOUS SYSTEM

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5
Q

the region of the brain located toward the top and front of the brain.

A

forebrain

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6
Q

Parts of forebrain (5)

A

cerebral cortex,
the basal ganglia, the limbic system, the
thalamus, and the hypothalamus

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7
Q

the outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres. It plays a vital role in our thinking and other mental processes.

A

cerebral cortex

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8
Q

are collections o neurons crucial to motor function. Dysfunction of the _____ can result in motor deficits. These deficits include tremors, involuntary movements, changes in posture and muscle tone, and slowness of movement. Deficits are observed in Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease

A

Basal Ganglia

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9
Q

important to emotion, motivation, memory, and learning. Our ____ help us to adapt our behaviors flexibly in response to our changing environment.

A

Limbic System

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10
Q

limbic system comprises three central interconnected cerebral structures:

A

the septum, the amygdala, and the hippocampus

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11
Q

anger and fear

A

Septum

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12
Q

emotion, anger, and aggression; stimulation may result in fear. Damage may result to lack of fear; persons with ASD display limited activation in the ______.

A

amygdala

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13
Q

memory formation; seahorse shaped; flexible learning and spatial memory; damage may result to difficulty forming new memories and retaining new information

A

Hippocampus

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14
Q

disease that produces loss of memory function caused by lack of thiamine (Vitamin B-1) in the brain.

A

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

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14
Q

relays incoming sensory information; control of wake and sleep; malfunction may result to pain, tremor, amnesia, impairment of language, and sleep-wake disruption; involved in schizophrenia

A

Thalamus

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15
Q

regulates behavior related to species survival: fighting, feeding, fleeing, and mating; emotions and reactions to stress; function in the endocrine system; malfunction is involved in narcolepsy;

A

Hypothalamus

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15
Q

helps to control eye movement and coordination.

A

MIDBRAIN

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15
Q

Parts of Midbrain

A

Reticular Activating System (Reticular
Formation), Brainstem, Superior colliculi (on top), Inferior colliculi (below), Gray matter, red nucleus, substantia nigra, ventral region

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16
Q

a network of neurons essential to the regulation of consciousness and vital functions such as heartbeat and breathing

A

Reticular Activating System (Reticular Formation)

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17
Q

connects forebrain to the spinal cord; determines brain death

A

Brainstem

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18
Q
A
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19
Q

Superior colliculi (on top) – vision
Inferior colliculi (below) – hearing

A

Memorize mo beech

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20
Q

Gray matter, red nucleus, substantia nigra,
ventral region

A

controlling movement

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21
Q

Parts of Hindbrain (3)

A

Medulla Oblongata, Pons, Cerebellum

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22
Q

“little brain” controls body coordination, balance, and muscle tone as well as procedure-related movements

A

Cerebellum

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23
Q

serves as a kind of relay station because it contains neural fibers that pass signals from one part of the brain to another. Its name derives from the Latin for “bridge,” as it serves a bridging function

A

Pons

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24
Q

heart activity and controls breathing, swallowing, and digestion, contains part of the RAS

A

Medulla Oblongata

25
Q

The Cerebral cortex forms a ___ to ____layer that wraps the surface of the brain and comprises_____ of the human brain

A

1 to 3 mm
80%

26
Q

bulges between adjacent sulci or fissures

A

Gyri (gyrus)

26
Q

_____ - small grooves
_____ - large grooves

A

Sulci (sulcus)
Fissures

26
Q

The _____ enables us to think. Because of it, we can plan, coordinate thoughts and actions, perceive visual and sound patterns, and use language.

A

cortex

26
Q

-had treated more than 40 patients suffering from aphasia—loss of speech—as a result of brain damage.

  • He noticed a relationship between the loss of speech and the side of the brain in which damage had occurred.
A

MARC DAX

26
Q

claimed that an autopsy revealed that an aphasic stroke patient had a lesion in the left cerebral hemisphere of the brain (Broca’s Area)

A

PAUL BROCA

27
Q

studied language deficient patients who could speak but whose speech made no sense (Wernicke’s Area)

A

CARL WERNICKE

28
Q

father of neuropsychology, started studying localization in 1915

A

KARL LASHLEY

29
Q

argued that each hemisphere behaves in many respects like a separate brain.

A

ROGER SPERRY

30
Q

people who have undergone operations severing the corpus callosum

A

SPLIT-BRAIN PATIENTS

31
Q

front part of the brain (nasal region)

A

Rostral

32
Q

bottom surface of the body/brain

A

Ventral

33
Q

means “tail” and refers to the back part of the body/brain

A

Caudal

34
Q

upside of the brain

A

Dorsal

35
Q

Four Basic Parts of Neuron

A

soma (cell body), dendrites, axon, and terminal buttons

36
Q

responsible for the life of neuron and connects the dendrites to the axon

A

Soma – (cell body)

37
Q

branch-like structures that receive information from other neurons

A

Dendrites

38
Q

long thin tube that extends from the soma and responds to the information, when appropriate, by transmitting an electrochemical signal

A

Axon

39
Q

white, fatty substance that surrounds some of the axons of the nervous system; speeds up conduction of information

A

Myelin

40
Q

small gaps in the myelin coating along the axon, which serve to increase conduction speed even more by helping to create electrical signals, also called action potential

A

Nodes of Ranvier

41
Q

are small knobs found at the ends of the branches of an axon that do not directly touch the dendrites of the next neuron.

A

Terminal buttons

42
Q

serves as a juncture between the terminal buttons of one or more neurons and the dendrites (or sometimes the soma) of one or more other neurons

A

Synapse

43
Q

These neurotransmitters are ______ for transmission of information across the synaptic gap to the receiving dendrites of the next neuron

A

chemical messengers

44
Q

three types of chemical substances are involved in neurotransmission:

A
  • monoamine neurotransmitters
  • amino-acid neurotransmitters
  • neuropeptides
45
Q

—areas where body tissue has been damaged, such as from injury or disease. Then the researchers infer that the lesioned locations may be related to the behavior that was affected.

A

lesions

46
Q

—surgically removing or damaging part of the brain—to observe resulting functional deficits

A

selective lesioning

47
Q

using genetic manipulations, animals can be created that lack certain kinds of cells or receptors in the brain

A

genetic knockout procedures.

48
Q

3 ways of doing research with animals

A
  1. genetic knockout procedures.
  2. selective lesioning
  3. examine the patients’ brains
    for lesions
49
Q

Electrical Readings (2)

A
  • Electroencephalogram (EEGs)
  • event-related potential (ERP)
50
Q

recordings of the electrical frequencies and intensities of the living brain, typically recorded over relatively long periods.

A

Electroencephalogram (EEGs)

50
Q

is the record of a small change in the brain’s electrical activity in response to a stimulating event. The fluctuation typically lasts a mere fraction of a second

A

event-related potential (ERP)

51
Q

Static Imaging Techniques (2)

A
  • Computed Tomography (CT or CAT)
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
52
Q

consists of several X-ray images of the brain taken from different vantage points that, when combined, result in a three-dimensional image.

A

Computed Tomography (CT or CAT)

53
Q

aims to look at the structures in the brain, but rather to examine the blood flow. A dye is injected into an artery that leads to the brain, and then an x-ray image is taken.

A

Computed Tomography (CT or CAT)

54
Q

reveals
high resolution images of the structure of the living brain by computing and analyzing magnetic changes in the energy of the orbits of nuclear particles in the molecules of the body.

A

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

54
Q

2 types of MRI

A

Structural MRI and Functional MRI

55
Q

provide images of the brain’s size and shape

A

Structural MRI

55
Q

visualize the parts of the brain that are activated when a person is engaged in a particular task

A

Functional MRI

56
Q

rely on changes that take place within the brain as a result of increased consumption of glucose and oxygen in active areas of the brain. The basic idea is that active areas in the brain consume more glucose and oxygen than do inactive areas during some tasks

A

METABOLIC IMAGING

56
Q

4 types of METABOLIC IMAGING

A
  • Positron emission tomography (PET)
  • Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
  • Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
    -Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Cognitive Psychology (9 decks)

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