Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Flashcards
1
Q
Our ability to focus on one out of many voices is one of the most striking phenomena in cognitive psychology, and is known as the
A
“cocktail party effect.”
2
Q
is the study of how people perceive, learn, remember, and think about information.
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Cognitive psychology
3
Q
a
developmental process where ideas evolve over time through a pattern of transformation.
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dialectic
4
Q
3 patterns in dialectic
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- thesis is proposed
- antithesis emerges
- synthesis integrated the
viewpoints
5
Q
statement of
belief
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thesis is proposed
6
Q
(counters a statement of belief)
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antithesis emerges
7
Q
(debates between
viewpoints lead to a synthesis)
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synthesis integrated the
viewpoints
8
Q
psychology also evolved as a result of
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dialectics
9
Q
two approaches to understanding the human mind
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Philosophy and Physiology
10
Q
seeks a scientific study of life-sustaining functions in living matter, primarily through empirical (observation based) methods
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Physiology
11
Q
seeks to understand the general nature of many aspects of the world, in part through introspection, the examination of inner ideas and experiences
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Philosophy
12
Q
He was a Rationalist
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Plato
13
Q
believes that the route to knowledge is
through thinking and logical
analysis(Assumption)
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rationalist
14
Q
A rationalist who is interested in cognitive processes would appeal to reason as a source of ________ or _______
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knowledge or justification
15
Q
He, (a naturalist and biologist as well as a philosopher) was an empiricist.
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Aristotle
16
Q
An _______ believes that we acquire knowledge via empirical evidence – obtained through experience and observation.
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empiricist
17
Q
Logical Thinking = ____
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Philosophy
17
Q
Empirical Evidence = ____
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Physiology
17
Q
Rationalist = ____
Empirical view/ empiricism = ____
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Rationalist = Thesis
Empirical view/ empiricism = Antithesis
18
Q
The contrasting ideas of rationalism and empiricism became prominent with the French rationalist ______ and the
British empiricist _______
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René Descartes (1596–1650) and John Locke (1632–
1704).
19
Q
HE viewed the introspective, reflective method as being superior to empirical methods for finding truth.
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René Descartes
20
Q
He maintained that the only
proof of his existence is that he was thinking and doubting
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René Descartes
“cogito, ergo sum” (I think, therefore I am)
21
Q
“cogito, ergo sum” (I think, therefore I am)
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René Descartes
22
Q
HE had more enthusiasm for empirical observation
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John Locke
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- both rationalism and empiricism have their place.
- Both must work together in the quest for truth.
Immanuel
Kant (1724–1804)
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HE believed that humans are born
without knowledge and
therefore must seek knowledge
through empirical observation.
John Locke
"Tabula Rasa"
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tabula rasa (meaning “blank
slate” in Latin).
humans are born
without knowledge and therefore must seek knowledge through empirical observation.
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Most psychologists today accept ______ synthesis
Kant
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early dialectic in the history of psychology
structuralism and functionalism
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- first major school of thought in
psychology
Structuralism
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seeks to understand the structure (configuration of elements) of the mind and its perceptions by analyzing those perceptions into their constituent components (affection, attention, memory, sensation, etc.).
Structuralism
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- Focus on Individual parts of the mind and Characteristics of those parts
Structuralism
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founder of structuralism in psychology.
Wilhelm Wundt
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Wundt used a variety of methods in his research. One of these methods was ______.
introspection
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a deliberate looking inward at pieces of information passing through consciousness.
Introspection
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focuses on the processes of thought rather than on its contents.
- seeks to understand what people do and why they do it.
Functionalism
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answers the "how" and "why" we think that way instead of studying the parts
Functionalism
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They believed in using whichever methods best answered a given researcher’s questions,
Functionalists
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This have to to Pragmatism
functionalism
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are concerned not only with knowing what people do; they also want to know what we can do with our knowledge of what people do.
Pragmatists
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THEY believe that knowledge is validated by its usefulness: What can you do with it?
Pragmatists
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William James' functional contribution to the field of psychology was a single book entitled:
his landmark Principles of Psychology
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A leader in guiding functionalism toward pragmatism
William
James
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who profoundly influenced contemporary thinking in cognitive psychology.
John Dewey (1859–1952)
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He is remembered primarily for his pragmatic approach to thinking and schooling
John Dewey
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- Combination of Structuralism and Functionalism
- examines how elements of the mind like events or ideas, can become associated with one another in the mind to result in a form of learning.
Associationism
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3 results of Associationism
- contiguity
- similarity
- contrast
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first experimenter to apply Associationist principles systematically.
Hermann Ebbinghaus
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(associating things with similar features or properties);
ex. Cone and ice cream, sphere and globe, box and gift
Similarity
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(associating things that tend to occur together at about the same time);
ex. tom and jerry, fire and fire extinguisher
contiguity
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(associating things that show polarities, such as hot/cold,
light/dark, day/ night).
contrast
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- studied his own mental processes.
- Through his
self observations, _______ studied how people learn and remember material through rehearsal, the conscious repetition of material to be learned
Hermann Ebbinghaus
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- held that the role of “satisfaction” is the key to
forming associations.
Edward Lee Thorndike
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termed this principle the law of effect (1905):A stimulus will tend to produce a certain response over time if an organism is rewarded for that response.
Edward Lee Thorndike
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focuses only on the relation between observable behavior and environmental events or stimuli. The idea was to make physical whatever others might have called “mental”
Behaviorism
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used animal experiments to probe stimulus–response relationships
Behaviorism
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He began with the observation that dogs salivated in response to the sight of the lab technician who fed them.
Ivan Pavlov
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“father” of radical behaviorism
John Watson
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He believed that psychologists should concentrate only on the study of observable behavior
John Watson
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differed from previous movements in psychology by shifting the emphasis of experimental research from human to animal participants.
Behaviorism
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a radical behaviorist, believed that virtually all forms of human behavior, not just learning, could be explained by behavior emitted in reaction to the environment.
B. F. Skinner
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He rejected mental mechanisms.
B. F. Skinner
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He rejected mental mechanisms. He believed instead that operant conditioning— involving the strengthening or weakening of behavior, contingent on the presence or absence of reinforcement (rewards) or punishments—could explain all forms of human behavior
B. F. Skinner
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HE believed that all behavior is directed toward a goal.
Tolman (1932)
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HE thought that understanding behavior required taking into account the purpose of, and the plan for, the behavior.
Edward Tolman (1886–1959),
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forefather of modern cognitive psychology
Edward Tolman
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Combination of Behaviorism and Cognitivism
Gestalt Psychology
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states that we best understand psychological phenomena when we view them as organized, structured wholes.
Gestalt
Psychology
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THEY studied insight, seeking to understand the unobservable mental event by which someone goes from having no idea about how to solve a problem to understanding it fully in what seems a mere moment of time
Gestaltists
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the belief that much of human behavior can be understood in terms of how people think.
Cognitivism
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- a synthesis of earlier forms of analysis, such as behaviorism and Gestaltism.
- Like behaviorism, it adopts precise quantitative analysis to study how people learn and think; like Gestaltism, it emphasizes internal mental processes.
Cognitivism
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- one of Watson’s former students
- brashly challenged the behaviorist view that the human brain is a passive organ merely responding to environmental contingencies outside the individual
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considered the brain to be an active, dynamic organizer of behavior.
Karl Spencer Lashley
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that the human brain is a passive organ merely responding to environmental contingencies outside the individual
behaviorist view
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wrote an entire book describing how language acquisition and usage could be explained purely in terms of environmental contingencies.
Behaviorist B. F. Skinner
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- Attacked Skinner's idea
- stressed both the biological basis and the creative potential of language. He pointed out the infinite numbers of sentences we can produce
with ease.
Linguist Noam Chomsky
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A test by which a computer program would be judged as successful to the extent that its output was indistinguishable, by humans, from the output of humans
“Turing test,”
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the attempt by humans to construct systems that show intelligence and, particularly, the intelligent processing of information
Artificial
intelligence (AI) - 1956
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The capacity to learn from experience
Intelligence
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Intelligence involves: (2)
1. the capacity to learn from experience, and
2. the ability to adapt to the surrounding environment.
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This term is used to describe a person’s ability to adapt to a variety of challenges in diverse cultures
cultural intelligence,
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Three Cognitive Models of Intelligence
1. Carroll: Three-Stratum Model of Intelligence
2. Gardner: Theory of Multiple
Intelligence
3. Sternberg: The Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
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3 Stratum under Carroll: Three-Stratum Model of Intelligence
* Stratum I includes many narrow, specific abilities (e.g., spelling ability, speed of reasoning).
* Stratum II includes various broad abilities (e.g., fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, short-term memory, long-term storage and retrieval, information processing speed).
* Stratum III is just a single general intelligence (sometimes called g).
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According to the triarchic theory of human intelligence, intelligence comprises three aspects:
* Creative abilities are used to generate novel ideas.
* Analytical abilities ascertain whether your ideas (and those of others) are good ones.
* Practical abilities are used to implement the ideas and persuade others of their value.
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indicates the likelihood that a given set of results would be obtained if only chance factors were operating
Statistical significance
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organized body of general explanatory principles regarding a phenomenon, usually based on observations
Theory
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tentative proposals regarding expected empirical consequences of the theory
Hypotheses
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Distinctive Research Methods (4)
1. Experiment on Human Behavior
2. Psychobiological Research
3. Self-reports, Case Studies, and Naturalistic Observation
4. Computer Simulations and Artificial
Intelligence
