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Cognitive Psychology > Module 3: Visual Perception > Flashcards

Module 3: Visual Perception Flashcards

1
Q

the set of processes by which we recognize, organize, and make sense of the sensations we receive from environmental stimuli

A

Perception

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2
Q

HE provided a useful framework for
studying perception.

A

James Gibson

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3
Q

object in the external world (ex. Falling tree)

A

Distal object

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4
Q

pattern produced by the event (sound wave, reflected light,etc.)

A

Informational medium

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5
Q

when informational medium comes in contact with sensory receptors (retina absorbs light waves)

A

Proximal Stimulation

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6
Q

stimulus is created in you that reflects the properties of the external world (image of falling tree)

A

Perceptual Object

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6
Q

4 by James Gibson

A

Distal object
Informational medium
Proximal Stimulation
Perceptual Object

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7
Q

focus on qualities of
stimulation.

A

sensation

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7
Q

occurs as information is used to serve further goals.

A

Cognition

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8
Q

receptor cells adapt to constant
stimulation by ceasing to fire until there is a change in stimulation.
- Through this, we may stop detecting the presence of a stimulus

A

Sensory Adaptation

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9
Q

when your eyes are exposed to a uniform field of stimulation, you will stop perceiving that stimulus after a few minutes and see just a gray field instead

A

Ganzfeld Effect

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10
Q

WHICH layer of the retina contains the photoreceptors (Rods and Cones),

A

third

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10
Q

WHICH layer consists
of three kinds of
interneuron cells. Amacrine
cells and horizontal cells

A

second

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11
Q

WHICH layer is the closest to the front, outward-facing surface of the eye—is the layer of ganglion cells, whose axons constitute the optic nerve.

A

First

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12
Q

short and thick photoreceptors and allow for the perception of color.

A

cones

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13
Q

the path the visual information takes from its entering the human perceptual system through the eyes to its being
completely processed.

A

pathway

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14
Q

2 types of Pathway

A
  • Dorsal Pathway
  • Ventral Pathway
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15
Q

where pathway ; location and motion information ; parietal lobe

A

Dorsal Pathway

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16
Q

what pathway ; color, shape, identity of visual stimuli ; temporal lobe

A

Ventral Pathway

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17
Q

two pathways refer not to what things are and to where they are, but rather, to what they are and to how they function.

A

what/how hypothesis

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18
Q

found in ventral stream; identification of objects

A

What Pathway

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18
Q

dorsal stream ; movements in relation to the objects that have been identified through the what pathway

A

How pathway

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19
Q

describe approaches where perception starts with the stimuli whose appearance you take in through your
eye.

A

Bottom-up theories

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20
Q

These theories then work their way down to considering the sensory data, such as the perceptual stimulus

A

Top-down theories,

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21
Q

Bottom-Up Theories (4)

A
  • Direct Perception
  • Template Theories
  • Feature-Matching Theories
  • Recognition-by-components Theory
22
Q

the information in our sensory receptors, including the sensory context, is all we need to perceive anything.

A

Gibson’s Theory of Direct Perception

23
Q

suggest that we have
stored in our minds myriad sets of templates.

A

Template Theories

24
Q

Creator of Pandemonium Model

A

Oliver Selfridge.

24
Q

metaphorical “demons” with specific duties receive and analyze the features of a stimulus.

A

Pandemonium Model

25
Q

We attempt to match features of a pattern to features stored in memory, rather than to match a whole pattern to a template of prototype.

A

Feature-Matching Theories

26
Q

constructive perception, the perceiver builds (constructs) a cognitive understanding (perception) of a stimulus.

A

Top-Down Theories

26
Q

has 4 kinds of
demons in Pandemonium Model

A

image demons, feature demons, cognitive demons, and decision demons

26
Q

Also known as intelligent perception because it states that higher-order thinking plays an important role in perception

A

Top-Down Theories

26
Q

We quickly recognize objects by observing
the edges of them and then decomposing the objects into geons

A

Recognition-by-components Theory

27
Q
  • Individual stores the way the object looks to them
  • Appearance of the object to the viewer
  • Change in the appearance of the object depending on the angle
A

Viewer-centered

27
Q

Information is
characterized by the relation to a well-
known or familiar item

A

Landmark-centered

27
Q

Storage of a representation of an object regardless of its appearance to the viewer

A

Object-centered

28
Q

we tend to perceive any visual array in a way that most simply organizes the different elements into a stable and coherent form.

A
  • Law of Pragranz
28
Q

Gestalt Principles of Visual Perception (6)

A
  • Figure-ground
  • Proximity
  • Similarity
  • Continuity
  • Closure
  • Symmetry
29
Q

Specializes in recognizing larger configurations and not equipped in analyzing parts

A

Configurational System

29
Q

System that specializes in recognition of parts of objects and in assembling those parts into distinctive wholes

A

Feature Analysis System

29
Q

Face recognition occurs in the ________ of the right temporal lobe

A

FUSIFORM GYRUS

29
Q

the inability to recognize faces would imply damage of some kind to the configurational system (inability to recognize faces)

A

Prosopagnosia

30
Q

Occurs when our perception of an object remains the same when our proximal sensations of the distal object changes.

A

Perceptual Constancies

31
Q

can be represented in just two dimensions and observed using just one eye.

A

Monocular Depth cues

31
Q

perception that an object maintains the same size despite changes in the size of the proximal stimulus (Müller-Lyer illusion)

A

Size Constancy

31
Q

perception that an object maintains the same shape despite changes in the shape of the proximal stimulus.

A

Shape Constancy

32
Q

based on receipt of sensory information in three dimensions from both eyes.

A

Binocular Depth cues

33
Q

your two eyes send
increasingly disparate images to your brain as objects approach you

A

Binocular Disparity

34
Q

your two eyes turn inward as objects approach you

A

Binocular convergence

35
Q

damage in the temporal region of the cortex where an individual is unable to pay attention to more than one object at a time

A

Simultagnosia

36
Q

Difficulties Perceiving the “What”

A

Agnosia

36
Q

inability to recognize human faces as a result of damage in the fusiform gyrus

A

Prosopagnosia

37
Q

Difficulties Perceiving the “How”

A

Ataxia

37
Q

no color vision, seeing shades of gray, nonfunctional cones

A

Rod Monochromacy / achromacy

38
Q

extreme form of red green color blindness

A

Protanopia

39
Q

only two mechanisms of color perception work, one malfunctions. It is common to have red-green color blindness

A

Dichromacy

40
Q

trouble seeing greens

A

Deuteranopia

41
Q

blues and greens are confused

A

Tritanopia

42
Q

Concentration on dangerous threats but overlooking the small deviations or uncommon objects

A

Scanning Strategy

43
Q

Failing to see large differences in scenes when change coincides with a brief visual disruption

A

Change blindness

Cognitive Psychology (9 decks)

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