Module 3: Visual Perception

Question 1

the set of processes by which we recognize, organize, and make sense of the sensations we receive from environmental stimuli

Answer 1

Perception

Question 2

HE provided a useful framework for
studying perception.

Answer 2

James Gibson

Question 3

object in the external world (ex. Falling tree)

Answer 3

Distal object

Question 4

pattern produced by the event (sound wave, reflected light,etc.)

Answer 4

Informational medium

Question 5

when informational medium comes in contact with sensory receptors (retina absorbs light waves)

Answer 5

Proximal Stimulation

Question 6

stimulus is created in you that reflects the properties of the external world (image of falling tree)

Answer 6

Perceptual Object

Question 6

4 by James Gibson

Answer 6

Distal object
Informational medium
Proximal Stimulation
Perceptual Object

Question 7

focus on qualities of
stimulation.

Answer 7

sensation

Question 7

occurs as information is used to serve further goals.

Answer 7

Cognition

Question 8

receptor cells adapt to constant
stimulation by ceasing to fire until there is a change in stimulation.
- Through this, we may stop detecting the presence of a stimulus

Answer 8

Sensory Adaptation

Question 9

when your eyes are exposed to a uniform field of stimulation, you will stop perceiving that stimulus after a few minutes and see just a gray field instead

Answer 9

Ganzfeld Effect

Question 10

WHICH layer of the retina contains the photoreceptors (Rods and Cones),

Answer 10

third

Question 10

WHICH layer consists
of three kinds of
interneuron cells. Amacrine
cells and horizontal cells

Answer 10

second

Question 11

WHICH layer is the closest to the front, outward-facing surface of the eye—is the layer of ganglion cells, whose axons constitute the optic nerve.

Answer 11

First

Question 12

short and thick photoreceptors and allow for the perception of color.

Answer 12

cones

Question 13

the path the visual information takes from its entering the human perceptual system through the eyes to its being
completely processed.

Answer 13

pathway

Question 14

2 types of Pathway

Answer 14

• Dorsal Pathway
• Ventral Pathway

Question 15

where pathway ; location and motion information ; parietal lobe

Answer 15

Dorsal Pathway

Question 16

what pathway ; color, shape, identity of visual stimuli ; temporal lobe

Answer 16

Ventral Pathway

Question 17

two pathways refer not to what things are and to where they are, but rather, to what they are and to how they function.

Answer 17

what/how hypothesis

Question 18

found in ventral stream; identification of objects

Answer 18

What Pathway

Question 18

dorsal stream ; movements in relation to the objects that have been identified through the what pathway

Answer 18

How pathway

Question 19

describe approaches where perception starts with the stimuli whose appearance you take in through your
eye.

Answer 19

Bottom-up theories

Question 20

These theories then work their way down to considering the sensory data, such as the perceptual stimulus

Answer 20

Top-down theories,

Question 21

Bottom-Up Theories (4)

Answer 21

- Direct Perception - Template Theories - Feature-Matching Theories - Recognition-by-components Theory

Question 22

the information in our sensory receptors, including the sensory context, is all we need to perceive anything.

Answer 22

Gibson’s Theory of Direct Perception

Question 23

suggest that we have stored in our minds myriad sets of templates.

Answer 23

Template Theories

Question 24

Creator of Pandemonium Model

Answer 24

Oliver Selfridge.

Question 24

metaphorical “demons” with specific duties receive and analyze the features of a stimulus.

Answer 24

Pandemonium Model

Question 25

We attempt to match features of a pattern to features stored in memory, rather than to match a whole pattern to a template of prototype.

Answer 25

Feature-Matching Theories

Question 26

constructive perception, the perceiver builds (constructs) a cognitive understanding (perception) of a stimulus.

Answer 26

Top-Down Theories

Question 26

has 4 kinds of demons in Pandemonium Model

Answer 26

image demons, feature demons, cognitive demons, and decision demons

Question 26

Also known as intelligent perception because it states that higher-order thinking plays an important role in perception

Answer 26

Top-Down Theories

Question 26

We quickly recognize objects by observing the edges of them and then decomposing the objects into geons

Answer 26

Recognition-by-components Theory

Question 27

* Individual stores the way the object looks to them * Appearance of the object to the viewer * Change in the appearance of the object depending on the angle

Answer 27

Viewer-centered

Question 27

Information is characterized by the relation to a well- known or familiar item

Answer 27

Landmark-centered

Question 27

Storage of a representation of an object regardless of its appearance to the viewer

Answer 27

Object-centered

Question 28

we tend to perceive any visual array in a way that most simply organizes the different elements into a stable and coherent form.

Answer 28

* Law of Pragranz

Question 28

Gestalt Principles of Visual Perception (6)

Answer 28

* Figure-ground * Proximity * Similarity * Continuity * Closure * Symmetry

Question 29

Specializes in recognizing larger configurations and not equipped in analyzing parts

Answer 29

Configurational System

Question 29

System that specializes in recognition of parts of objects and in assembling those parts into distinctive wholes

Answer 29

Feature Analysis System

Question 29

Face recognition occurs in the ________ of the right temporal lobe

Answer 29

FUSIFORM GYRUS

Question 29

the inability to recognize faces would imply damage of some kind to the configurational system (inability to recognize faces)

Answer 29

Prosopagnosia

Question 30

Occurs when our perception of an object remains the same when our proximal sensations of the distal object changes.

Answer 30

Perceptual Constancies

Question 31

can be represented in just two dimensions and observed using just one eye.

Answer 31

Monocular Depth cues

Question 31

perception that an object maintains the same size despite changes in the size of the proximal stimulus (Müller-Lyer illusion)

Answer 31

Size Constancy

Question 31

perception that an object maintains the same shape despite changes in the shape of the proximal stimulus.

Answer 31

Shape Constancy

Question 32

based on receipt of sensory information in three dimensions from both eyes.

Answer 32

Binocular Depth cues

Question 33

your two eyes send increasingly disparate images to your brain as objects approach you

Answer 33

Binocular Disparity

Question 34

your two eyes turn inward as objects approach you

Answer 34

Binocular convergence

Question 35

damage in the temporal region of the cortex where an individual is unable to pay attention to more than one object at a time

Answer 35

Simultagnosia

Question 36

Difficulties Perceiving the “What”

Answer 36

Agnosia

Question 36

inability to recognize human faces as a result of damage in the fusiform gyrus

Answer 36

Prosopagnosia

Question 37

Difficulties Perceiving the “How”

Answer 37

Ataxia

Question 37

no color vision, seeing shades of gray, nonfunctional cones

Answer 37

Rod Monochromacy / achromacy

Question 38

extreme form of red green color blindness

Answer 38

Protanopia

Question 39

only two mechanisms of color perception work, one malfunctions. It is common to have red-green color blindness

Answer 39

Dichromacy

Question 40

trouble seeing greens

Answer 40

Deuteranopia

Question 41

blues and greens are confused

Answer 41

Tritanopia

Question 42

Concentration on dangerous threats but overlooking the small deviations or uncommon objects

Answer 42

Scanning Strategy

Question 43

Failing to see large differences in scenes when change coincides with a brief visual disruption

Answer 43

Change blindness