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Biology > module 5 communication and homeostasis > Flashcards

module 5 communication and homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

what monitors internal and external temperature

A

internal hypothalamus
external thermoreceptors

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2
Q

two substances that need to be excreted

A

urea, by the kidneys
CO2 by the lungs

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3
Q

three functions of the liver

A

deamination
storage if glycogen
detoxification of ethanol and hydrogen peroxide

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4
Q

what carries oxygenated blood to the liver

A

hepatic artery

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5
Q

what carries deoxygenated blood to the liver

A

hepatic portal vein

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6
Q

how does blood leave the liver

A

via hepatic vein

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7
Q

role of kidneys

A

removing urea
controlling water potential

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8
Q

what is reabsorbed in nephrons

A

glucose, amino acids, inorganic ions and water

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9
Q

where is adh produced and stored

A

produced by hypothalamus
stored in posterior pituitary gland

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10
Q

how do pregnancy tests work

A

the test contains mobile monoclonal antibodies
they bind with HCG to form HCG-antibody complex
urine moves up until it reaches a window
there are immobilized antibodie in the shape of a + that bind to complex
there is a second window that bind to mobile antibody regardless of HCG (control)

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11
Q

what are the two types of hormone bases and how to tell

A

protein/peptide bind to recpotrs
steroid soluble and enter nucleus

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12
Q

difference between endocrine and exocrine

A

endocrine releases hormones into bloodstream
exocrine releases into ducts

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13
Q

adrenal gland structure

A

medulla inside
cortex outside

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14
Q

alpha cells secrete (A)

A

glucagon

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15
Q

beta cells secrete

A

insulin

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16
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

forming glucose from fatty acids and amino acids
(neo=new)

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17
Q

glycogen to glucose (name)
glucose to glycogen

A

Glycogenesis
glycogenolysis

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18
Q

effects of glucagon

A

activates enzymes
glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis
more fatty acids used in respiration

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19
Q

effects of insulin

A

increase cell permeability to glucose
activates glycogenosis
increase respiration
inhibits glucagon secretion

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20
Q

how is insulin secreted

A

at high blood glucose concentrations, glucose enters beta cells via glucose transporter
glucose metabolized in mitochondria to form ATP. which binds to potassium channels and close
potassium can’t leave the cell so the cell gets more positive
this causes depolarisation and voltage-gated calcium channels open
this causes secretory vesicles containing insulin to do exocytosis

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21
Q

how does insulin lower glucose levels

A

binds to insulin receptors (complimentary)
which activates secondary messenger
which activates enzyme cascade
this increases the cell permeability for glucose
glucose converted to glycogen

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22
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

beta cells can produce insulin

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23
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

lack of response to insulin

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24
Q

effects of type 1 diabetes

A

low blood glucose levels (hypoglycemia)

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25
Q

effects of type 2 diabetes

A

high blood glucose concentration (hyperglycemia)

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26
Q

how to determine between sensory and motor neuron

A

cell body in the middle for sensory

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27
Q

what are Pacinian corpuscle

A

receptor for pressure and vibrations

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28
Q

3 advantages of synapses

A

transmits in one direction
transmits to precise location
become fatigued to protect from overstimulation

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29
Q

resting potential (mv)

A

-70mv

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30
Q

what is a transducer

A

something that changes energy from one form to another

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31
Q

how does a stimulus affect a neuron

A

opens sodium ions channels
sodium diffuses in
making the inside less negative

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32
Q

threshold potential

A

around -55mv

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33
Q

what happens when potential difference reaches threshold potential

A

voltage-gated sodium channels open
more sodium ions diffuse in
makes the inside more positive

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34
Q

repolarisation threshold

A

+30mv

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35
Q

what happens in repolarisation

A

sodium ion channels close
potassium ion channels open
so potassium leaves the cell down gradient
this makes the inside more negative

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36
Q

what is hyperpolarisation

A

potassium ion channels are slow to close
so it ‘overshoots’ resting potential
becoming more negative

37
Q

how is resting potential reached

A

sodium-potassium pump
pumps out 3 Na+
pumps in 2 K+
until resting potential is reached

38
Q

how does an action potential move along a neuron

A

after an action potential
some sodium ions diffuse sideways
this opens the sodium channels In the next section

39
Q

what happens after vesicles release neurotransmitters

A

they diffuse across and bind to receptors on postsynaptic knob
which causes sodium ion channels in postsynaptic knob to open
this causes depolarisation and then an action potential

40
Q

what happens when an action potential reaches a synapse

A

opens voltage-gated calcium ion channels
calcium diffuses into presynaptic knob
this causes exocytosis of vesicles with neurotransmitters

41
Q

what is spatial summation

A

lots of impulses from different neurons reach a synapse and only one post synaptic neurone then carries the impulse

42
Q

what is temporal summation

A

two or more impulses from the same neuron reach a synapse
more chance of postsynaptic neuron generating an action potential due to more neurotransmitter

43
Q

roles of synapses in the nervous system

A

impulse in one direction
convergnce of impulses
divergence of impulses
prevents over stimulation
used for cell signaling

44
Q

name an enzyme found in synaptic cleft

A

Ach esterase

45
Q

plant defense against herbivores

A

tannins
alkaloids
pheromones

46
Q

what do cytokines do

A

cell division
delay leaf development
overcome apical dominance
cell expanison

47
Q

what does ABA do

A

closes stomate
antifreeze

48
Q

what do auxins do

A

cell elongation
prevent abssicon
apical dominance

49
Q

what do gibberellins do

A

stem elongation
stimulates germination

50
Q

what does ethene do

A

promotes leaf fall
promotes fruit ripening

51
Q

what happens when you break a shoot tip apex

A

because you lose the auxins in the tip
side branches grow due to a lack of apical dominance
cytokines can then spread evenly around the stem to row lateral buds

52
Q

commercial uses of auxins

A

seedless fruit
increase fruit yield
herbicides (overpromote root growth )

53
Q

commercial uses of auxins

A

seedless fruit
increase fruit yield
herbicides (overpromote root growth )

54
Q

commercial uses of gibberellins

A

make fruit bigger
increase fruit yield
speed up juvenile plant growth

55
Q

what is the PNS made up from
(Nerves)

A

neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body

56
Q

parasymapethic vs sympathetic nervous system

A

sympathetic speeds up heart rate and had the fight or flight response
parasympathetic slows down the heart rate and had the rest and digest response

57
Q

location and function of the hypothalamus

A

maintains temperature and produces hormones
just beneath the middle part of the brain

58
Q

location and function of the pituitary gland

A

releases hormones and stimulates glands
found beneath the hypothalamus

59
Q

location and function of the medulla oblongata

A

automatically controls breathing and heart rate
found on the base of the brian on top of the spinal chord

60
Q

location and function of the cerebellum

A

muscles coordination and posture
found beneath the cerebrum and has a folded cortex
(looks like a leaf)

61
Q

location and function of the cerebrum

A

involved in vision hearing learning and thinking
the biggest part of the brain and is divided into two halves called the cerebral hemispheres

62
Q

outline the blinking reflex

A

nerve endings in the front of the eye detect touch
nerve impulse sent along sensory neurons to relay neurons in the CNS
then the motor neuron takes the impulse to the eyelid muscles

63
Q

outline what happens in the flight or fight response

A

heart rate increased
bronchioles relax to increase oxygen consumption
glycogen converted to glucose
vasodilation around vital organs and away from skin
erector pili muscles make the hair stand on ened

64
Q

how does your body react to high blood pressure

A

high blood pressure detected by baroreceptors
impulses sent to the medulla
then impulse is sent down vagus nerve and it secretes acetylcholine
which bind to receptors in san to slow the heart rate down
bringing blood pressure ack to normal

65
Q

what does the vagus nerve do and what neurotransmitters does it use

A

decreases heart rate and uses acetyl choline

66
Q

what does the accelerator nerve do and what neurotransmitters does it uses

A

increases heart rate
uses noradrenaline

67
Q

smooth muscle characteristics

A

made from single cells
contract slowly and regularly
each cell has a nucleus
does not tire quickly
controlled by autonomic nervous system

68
Q

cardiac muscle characteristics

A

controlled by the autonomic nervous system
found in the heart
doesn’t fatigue
branched muscle fibers
you can see cross striations

69
Q

skeletal muscle characteristics

A

contract consciously
made from lots of muscle fibers
has lots of nuclei
you can see cross striations
arranged in antagonistic pairs

70
Q

outline positive phototropism mechanism

A

IAA moves to the shaded region of shoots
this results in an uneven distribution of IAA

71
Q

what is actin

A

thin filament in myofibril
consists of two strands twisted around each other
protein

72
Q

what is myosin

A

thicker filament in myofibril
consists of long rod-shaped fibres with bulbous heads
protien

73
Q

what are light bands

A

areas that appear light
the region where actin and myosin don’t overlap
known as I bands

74
Q

what are dark bands

A

areas that appear dark
due to thick myosin filaments
edges are more dark due to myosin overlapping with actin
known as A bands

75
Q

what is the Z line and sarcomere

A

the line found at the center of the light band
the distance between adjacent z line are sarcomeres
when muscles contract sarcomere shortens

76
Q

what is the h zone

A

light section found in centre of dark band
only myosin filaments
h zone decreases when muscle contracts

77
Q

outline the action of adrenaline

A

binds to a receptor and activates adenyl cyclase
active enzyme converts ATP to cAMP which activates other enzymes (secondary messenger molecule) that convert glycogen to glucose

78
Q

homeostasis definition

A

the body maintaing dynamic equilibrium
with small fluctuations over a narrow range of conditions

79
Q

ectotherm and examples

A

core body temperature is dependent on the environment
fish, amphibians and reptiles

80
Q

endotherm and examples

A

rely on metabolic processes to warm their body temp, and maintain a very stable temperature
mammals and birds

81
Q

outline ornithine cycle
+ general equation

A

ornitine —–> citruline
+ ammonia and co2 - h20 (condensation)
Citruline —–> Arginine
+nh3 -h20
Argininge —–>ornitine
+h20 -urea
2NH3 + CO2 -> CO(NH2)2 + H20

82
Q

outline the order in a nephron

A

bowmen capsule
PCT
Loop of henle
DCT
collecting duct

83
Q

outline ultrafiltration

A

high pressure in efferent aretoile which forces blood through a capillary wall that acts as a sieve
then passed through basement membrane which acts as a second sieve
then filtered through podocytes

84
Q

outline reabsorption in the PCT

A

microvili with large SA for absorbtion
NA+ is pumped out via active transport in the blood
and CL- and H2O follow down a concentration gradeints

85
Q

outline what happens in descending limb

A

as blood travels down, water leaves via osmosis
due to low potential because high Na + Cl

86
Q

what happens in ascending limb

A

the first section is very permeable to Na and Cl
so they move out to lower water potential to allow water to leave in descending limb
second section they are pumped out

87
Q

outline how permeability is affected in DCT

A

walls vary due to ADH depending on body needs
if the body needs salts Na will be pumped out and Cl- will follow

88
Q

outline the secretion of ADH

A

osmo receptors detect low water potential and
stimulate neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus
creates an action potential that causes exocytosis of vesicles containing ADH in posterior pituitary glands

89
Q

outline hemodialysis

A

use of a dialysis machine
blood leaves the body from an artery into the machine.
its flows between a partially permeable membrane which mimic a basement membrane
ureas and excess salts diffuse out

Biology (11 decks)

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