Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > module 5 communication and homeostasis > Flashcards

module 5 communication and homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

what monitors internal and external temperature

A

internal hypothalamus
external thermoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

two substances that need to be excreted

A

urea, by the kidneys
CO2 by the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

three functions of the liver

A

deamination
storage if glycogen
detoxification of ethanol and hydrogen peroxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what carries oxygenated blood to the liver

A

hepatic artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what carries deoxygenated blood to the liver

A

hepatic portal vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how does blood leave the liver

A

via hepatic vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

role of kidneys

A

removing urea
controlling water potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is reabsorbed in nephrons

A

glucose, amino acids, inorganic ions and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

where is adh produced and stored

A

produced by hypothalamus
stored in posterior pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how do pregnancy tests work

A

the test contains mobile monoclonal antibodies
they bind with HCG to form HCG-antibody complex
urine moves up until it reaches a window
there are immobilized antibodie in the shape of a + that bind to complex
there is a second window that bind to mobile antibody regardless of HCG (control)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the two types of hormone bases and how to tell

A

protein/peptide bind to recpotrs
steroid soluble and enter nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

difference between endocrine and exocrine

A

endocrine releases hormones into bloodstream
exocrine releases into ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

adrenal gland structure

A

medulla inside
cortex outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

alpha cells secrete (A)

A

glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

beta cells secrete

A

insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

forming glucose from fatty acids and amino acids
(neo=new)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

glycogen to glucose (name)
glucose to glycogen

A

Glycogenesis
glycogenolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

effects of glucagon

A

activates enzymes
glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis
more fatty acids used in respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

effects of insulin

A

increase cell permeability to glucose
activates glycogenosis
increase respiration
inhibits glucagon secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how is insulin secreted

A

at high blood glucose concentrations, glucose enters beta cells via glucose transporter
glucose metabolized in mitochondria to form ATP. which binds to potassium channels and close
potassium can’t leave the cell so the cell gets more positive
this causes depolarisation and voltage-gated calcium channels open
this causes secretory vesicles containing insulin to do exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how does insulin lower glucose levels

A

binds to insulin receptors (complimentary)
which activates secondary messenger
which activates enzyme cascade
this increases the cell permeability for glucose
glucose converted to glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

beta cells can produce insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

lack of response to insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

effects of type 1 diabetes

A

low blood glucose levels (hypoglycemia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
effects of type 2 diabetes
high blood glucose concentration (hyperglycemia)
26
how to determine between sensory and motor neuron
cell body in the middle for sensory
27
what are Pacinian corpuscle
receptor for pressure and vibrations
28
3 advantages of synapses
transmits in one direction transmits to precise location become fatigued to protect from overstimulation
29
resting potential (mv)
-70mv
30
what is a transducer
something that changes energy from one form to another
31
how does a stimulus affect a neuron
opens sodium ions channels sodium diffuses in making the inside less negative
32
threshold potential
around -55mv
33
what happens when potential difference reaches threshold potential
voltage-gated sodium channels open more sodium ions diffuse in makes the inside more positive
34
repolarisation threshold
+30mv
35
what happens in repolarisation
sodium ion channels close potassium ion channels open so potassium leaves the cell down gradient this makes the inside more negative
36
what is hyperpolarisation
potassium ion channels are slow to close so it 'overshoots' resting potential becoming more negative
37
how is resting potential reached
sodium-potassium pump pumps out 3 Na+ pumps in 2 K+ until resting potential is reached
38
how does an action potential move along a neuron
after an action potential some sodium ions diffuse sideways this opens the sodium channels In the next section
39
what happens after vesicles release neurotransmitters
they diffuse across and bind to receptors on postsynaptic knob which causes sodium ion channels in postsynaptic knob to open this causes depolarisation and then an action potential
40
what happens when an action potential reaches a synapse
opens voltage-gated calcium ion channels calcium diffuses into presynaptic knob this causes exocytosis of vesicles with neurotransmitters
41
what is spatial summation
lots of impulses from different neurons reach a synapse and only one post synaptic neurone then carries the impulse
42
what is temporal summation
two or more impulses from the same neuron reach a synapse more chance of postsynaptic neuron generating an action potential due to more neurotransmitter
43
roles of synapses in the nervous system
impulse in one direction convergnce of impulses divergence of impulses prevents over stimulation used for cell signaling
44
name an enzyme found in synaptic cleft
Ach esterase
45
plant defense against herbivores
tannins alkaloids pheromones
46
what do cytokines do
cell division delay leaf development overcome apical dominance cell expanison
47
what does ABA do
closes stomate antifreeze
48
what do auxins do
cell elongation prevent abssicon apical dominance
49
what do gibberellins do
stem elongation stimulates germination
50
what does ethene do
promotes leaf fall promotes fruit ripening
51
what happens when you break a shoot tip apex
because you lose the auxins in the tip side branches grow due to a lack of apical dominance cytokines can then spread evenly around the stem to row lateral buds
52
commercial uses of auxins
seedless fruit increase fruit yield herbicides (overpromote root growth )
53
commercial uses of auxins
seedless fruit increase fruit yield herbicides (overpromote root growth )
54
commercial uses of gibberellins
make fruit bigger increase fruit yield speed up juvenile plant growth
55
what is the PNS made up from (Nerves)
neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
56
parasymapethic vs sympathetic nervous system
sympathetic speeds up heart rate and had the fight or flight response parasympathetic slows down the heart rate and had the rest and digest response
57
location and function of the hypothalamus
maintains temperature and produces hormones just beneath the middle part of the brain
58
location and function of the pituitary gland
releases hormones and stimulates glands found beneath the hypothalamus
59
location and function of the medulla oblongata
automatically controls breathing and heart rate found on the base of the brian on top of the spinal chord
60
location and function of the cerebellum
muscles coordination and posture found beneath the cerebrum and has a folded cortex (looks like a leaf)
61
location and function of the cerebrum
involved in vision hearing learning and thinking the biggest part of the brain and is divided into two halves called the cerebral hemispheres
62
outline the blinking reflex
nerve endings in the front of the eye detect touch nerve impulse sent along sensory neurons to relay neurons in the CNS then the motor neuron takes the impulse to the eyelid muscles
63
outline what happens in the flight or fight response
heart rate increased bronchioles relax to increase oxygen consumption glycogen converted to glucose vasodilation around vital organs and away from skin erector pili muscles make the hair stand on ened
64
how does your body react to high blood pressure
high blood pressure detected by baroreceptors impulses sent to the medulla then impulse is sent down vagus nerve and it secretes acetylcholine which bind to receptors in san to slow the heart rate down bringing blood pressure ack to normal
65
what does the vagus nerve do and what neurotransmitters does it use
decreases heart rate and uses acetyl choline
66
what does the accelerator nerve do and what neurotransmitters does it uses
increases heart rate uses noradrenaline
67
smooth muscle characteristics
made from single cells contract slowly and regularly each cell has a nucleus does not tire quickly controlled by autonomic nervous system
68
cardiac muscle characteristics
controlled by the autonomic nervous system found in the heart doesn't fatigue branched muscle fibers you can see cross striations
69
skeletal muscle characteristics
contract consciously made from lots of muscle fibers has lots of nuclei you can see cross striations arranged in antagonistic pairs
70
outline positive phototropism mechanism
IAA moves to the shaded region of shoots this results in an uneven distribution of IAA
71
what is actin
thin filament in myofibril consists of two strands twisted around each other protein
72
what is myosin
thicker filament in myofibril consists of long rod-shaped fibres with bulbous heads protien
73
what are light bands
areas that appear light the region where actin and myosin don't overlap known as I bands
74
what are dark bands
areas that appear dark due to thick myosin filaments edges are more dark due to myosin overlapping with actin known as A bands
75
what is the Z line and sarcomere
the line found at the center of the light band the distance between adjacent z line are sarcomeres when muscles contract sarcomere shortens
76
what is the h zone
light section found in centre of dark band only myosin filaments h zone decreases when muscle contracts
77
outline the action of adrenaline
binds to a receptor and activates adenyl cyclase active enzyme converts ATP to cAMP which activates other enzymes (secondary messenger molecule) that convert glycogen to glucose
78
homeostasis definition
the body maintaing dynamic equilibrium with small fluctuations over a narrow range of conditions
79
ectotherm and examples
core body temperature is dependent on the environment fish, amphibians and reptiles
80
endotherm and examples
rely on metabolic processes to warm their body temp, and maintain a very stable temperature mammals and birds
81
outline ornithine cycle + general equation
ornitine -----> citruline + ammonia and co2 - h20 (condensation) Citruline -----> Arginine +nh3 -h20 Argininge ----->ornitine +h20 -urea 2NH3 + CO2 -> CO(NH2)2 + H20
82
outline the order in a nephron
bowmen capsule PCT Loop of henle DCT collecting duct
83
outline ultrafiltration
high pressure in efferent aretoile which forces blood through a capillary wall that acts as a sieve then passed through basement membrane which acts as a second sieve then filtered through podocytes
84
outline reabsorption in the PCT
microvili with large SA for absorbtion NA+ is pumped out via active transport in the blood and CL- and H2O follow down a concentration gradeints
85
outline what happens in descending limb
as blood travels down, water leaves via osmosis due to low potential because high Na + Cl
86
what happens in ascending limb
the first section is very permeable to Na and Cl so they move out to lower water potential to allow water to leave in descending limb second section they are pumped out
87
outline how permeability is affected in DCT
walls vary due to ADH depending on body needs if the body needs salts Na will be pumped out and Cl- will follow
88
outline the secretion of ADH
osmo receptors detect low water potential and stimulate neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus creates an action potential that causes exocytosis of vesicles containing ADH in posterior pituitary glands
89
outline hemodialysis
use of a dialysis machine blood leaves the body from an artery into the machine. its flows between a partially permeable membrane which mimic a basement membrane ureas and excess salts diffuse out

Biology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions