Module 2 Flashcards
the organelle that makes lipids and steroid hormones
smooth endoplasmic retculum
name of reaction that builds polymers
condensation
what are the two monomers of sucrose
glucose and fructose
name of bond between two monosaccharides
glycosidic bond
chemical test for lipids
emulsion test
role of DNA helicase
breaks h bonds between base pairs
why is genetic code described as degenerate
most amino acids are coded for by more than one triplet
four main functions of the cytoskeleton
support microtubules and microfilaments
strengthen and maintain cell shape
movements inside the cells like vesicles
move entire cells such as flagellum
light microscope magnification and resolution
0.2 micro meters
x1500
transmission electron microscope magnification and resolution
0.0002
x 1,000,000 +
scanning electron microscope magnification and resolution
0.002
500,000x
how to determine between SEM and TEM photos
TEM can see individual organelles
SEM is in 3D
difference between alpha and beta glucose
beta oh groups is facing up
describe ribose strucutre
5 carbon pentagon
with one ester bond and one CH2OH group off
all other Cs have a OH
describe the two structures in starch
amylose
straight chain of alpha glucose
coiled structure making it dense energy storage
amylo pectin
branched alpha glucose chain
can be broken down more quickly than amylose
describe the two structures in starch
amylose
straight chain of alpha glucose
coiled structure making it dense energy storage
amylo pectin
branched chain of alpha glucose
side branches allow for it to be broken down more quickly
both are insoluble
describe the structure of glycogen
polysaccharide of alpha glucose
compact energy storage
lots of branched chains so it can be broken down quickly
describe the structure of cellulose
long unbranched polysaccharide of beta glucose
linked by hydrogen bonds so very strong
properties of triglycerides
long hydrocarbon tail contains lots of energy
tails are hydrophobic
insoluble
properties of phospholipids
hydrophilic head hydrophobic tails forming a double layer like in a cell membrane
the center is hydrophobic so water-soluble substances can’t pass through it
proprieties of cholesterol
hydrocarbon ring attached to the tail that contains polar OH group
bind to hydrophobic tails of phospholipids in cell membrane causing them to be more densely packed allowing for a more rigid structure
amino acid general structure
carboxyl group
amino group
r group
attached to carbon
type of bonds in different protein structural levels
- peptide bonds
- hydrogen bonds
- ionic, hydrogen, hydrophilic/hydrophobic, disulfide bonds
- all bonds can influence it
outline starch test
add potassium iodide soloution
blue-black is positive
brown-orange is negative
outline test for protein
biuret test
add NaOH to make the solution alkaline
then add copper(II) sulfate solution
if proteins present it will turn purple
no proteins present it will stay blue
outline test for lipids
emulsion test
add ethanol and shake
then pour into water
milky color is positive
outline test for reducing sugars
add benedicts solution and heat
if positive a colored precipitate will form
blue, green, yellow, orange, red the darker the more positive
outline test for non-reducing sugars
add dilute HCL and heat slowly
then add sodium hydrogen carbonate after reached a boil
colored precipitate indicates positive test
name and describe the types of bases in nucleotides
purine: two carbon rings joined together: adenine and guanine
pyrimidine: single carbon ring made up of cytosine and thymine
outline the purification of DNA via a precipitation reaction
break cells down in a blender
make a detergent solution (washing up liquid, salt, and distilled water)
mix and heat at 60c for 15 minutes
then put in an ice bath to cool down
filter the mixture
add protease and RNase enzymes
slowly add cold ethanol
white precipitate will form
what is the purpose of detergent and salt in a precipitation reaction
the detergent breaks down cell membranes
salt binds to DNA and clumps it together
purpose of heat in a precipitation reaction
stop enzymes in the cell from working breaking down the DNA helix
outline self-replication
Helicase breaks down hydrogen bonds to unzip the helix
exposed bases and joined by free-floating nucleotides that are complementary
DNA polymerase joins new strands together
outline transcription
RNA polymerase breaks down hydrogen bonds uncoiling the helix
RNA polymerase lines up free nucleotides next to the template DNA strand
original strand reforms and mRNA strand forms
once RNA polymerase reaches a codon it detaches from DNA
and mRNA leaves the nucleus via nuclear pores
outline translation
mRNA attaches to a ribosome
tRNA brings amino acids to ribosomes
tRNA molecules with an anticodon bind to mRNA codon
the ribosome moves down the mRNA strand and rRNa catalyzes the formation of peptide bond
this is continuous until stop codon is reached
type of bond that forms between adjacent nucleotides
phosphodiester
what is temperature coefficient and the equation
Q10 =rate at higher temperature/rate at a lower temperature
it is used to see how much the rate has changed in 10 degrees
what is a coenzyme and name an example
a small, organic, nonprotein molecule that binds to the active site for a short period of time
they are changed in the reaction
vitamin b3
what is a prosthetic group and name an example
a permanent coenzyme that is essential for an enzyme to function
fe2+ in hemaglobin
What happens during interphase
DNA is replicated
organelles are replicated
ATP content is increased
outline prophase
Chromosomes condense getting shorter and fatter
centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell
spindle fibers form
nuclear envelope breaks down
outline metaphase
chromones line up along the middle of the cell
spindle fibers attach to chromones centromere
outline anaphase
centromeres divide separating sister chromatids
spindles contract and pull chromatids to opposite ends of the cell
outline telophase
chromatids reach the poles of the cell
they uncoil and become long and thin chromosomes again
nuclear envelope forms around new chromosomes
name and outline all checkpoints in cell division
G1 checkpoint: cell checks all the chemicals needed for replication are there
G2 checkpoint: cell checks whether DNA has been replicated without damage
metaphase checkpoint: cell check whether all chromosomes are attached to spindle
what are gametes and zygotes
gametes are egg and sperm cells that are made in meiosis
two gametes form zygotes which divide into a new organism
what happens in Meiosis 1
known as the reduction phase as chromones are halved
homologous pairs line up in the middle and PMAT occurs similarly to mitosis
In the end two haploid daughter cells are formed
what happens in meiosis 2
two haploid daughter cells undergo PMAT and cytokinesis
in anaphase, 2 sister chromatids are separated
each new daughter cell inherits one chromatid from each chromosome
to form 4 genetically different gametes
when does crossing over happen and what is it (cell division)
during prophase 1
chromatids twist around each other and contain the same genes but different alleles
what is independent assortment of chromosomes
when homologous pairs line up in metaphase 1 it is random which side the paternal and maternal chromosomes are
so 4 daughter cells have different combinations of paternal and maternal chromones
