Biology Flashcards
Two chemical plant defences
Callose deposited between cell walls and members to stop spread
Lignin strengths callose barrier
Negatives of overuse of antibiotics
Gene pool has variation
Some stronger than others
Strong ones survive and pass down genes
Increased resistance
How can scientists determine age of a extinct organism
Fossil
How deep they found it
How do biological molecules prove species have evolved
Similarity in DNA sequence
Closer the more related
Similarities in cyctocrome c amino acid sequence
How can you Reduce uncertainty of a test
More precise apparatus
What do goblin cells do
Releases mucus
What heart condition has a more waves more quickly on a ecg
Fibrillation if extreme
Tachycardia if fast
What has a higher pressure
Systemic or pulmonary circulation
Systemic
What is a definition of a co enzyme
A non protein organic molecule
That isn’t permanently attached
That is need for the enzyme to function
Why would you use a root tip cell for looking at mitosis
Site of growth and repair
Contains meristems
What stain would you use to highlight a nucleus
Methyl blue
Why is it named fluid mosaic model
Phospo lipid bilayer
Hydrophilic Heads facing outward
Proteins arranged randomly
Why can’t inorganic ions travel through plasma membrane
Non polar and therefore can’t travel through
Describe structure of ATP
Adenosine
Bonded to ribose
And three phosphates
What cell component is in all living organisms
Ribosomes
Two features of eukarya
Nucleus
Membrane bound organelles
What are the functions of enzymes in dna replication
DNA ligase
DNA helicase
Splits double helix
DNA polymerase
Forms di-Ester bonds
How is rate of reaction calculated
1÷Time
What bond is formed between alpha glucose and fructose
1-6 glycosidic bond
How can you increase confidence in results
Repeat test
Calculate mean Average
functions of triglycerides in organisms
Energy storage
Physical protection
Buoyancy
What bond is between phosphate and deoxyribose in DNA nucleotide
Phoso di ester
Similaritys and differences of DNA nucleotides and ATP
Both contain phosphate groups
Both contain adenosine
ATP has 2 extra phosphates
ATP has ribose
What is Facilitated diffusion
Passive processes
Where larger water soluble molecules that can’t pass via simple diffusion
Chanel land carrier proteins bond via active site to allow entry to the cell
How do channel and carrier proteins work
Chanel proteins form pores specific to ion or molecule
Carrier protein change shape once molecule is attached to allow into membrane (flip flop mechanism)
What is meiosis
A form of cell division
That forms 4 genetically different haploid cells
With half the number of chromosomes
role of opsonins
help phagocytes bond to pathogens
what is a neutrophil and its characteristics
type of white blood cell
multi lobed nucleus
lots of lysosomes
uses of stem cells in research
to test new drugs on specific tissues
to test side affects on new drugs
to test why some cells stop working and turn inti cancer cells
embryology
difference between alpha/beta glucose
alpha glucose has H up and OH down on carbon 1 atom
Three characteristics of fibrous proteins
strong, unreactive and insoluble
biuret test
test for proteins
blue to purple color change
NaOH and CuSO4 solution
test for reducing sugars
benedicts reagent
heat to 80C
red/orange precipatate
test for starch
iodine solution
turns blue/black
