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Gerontology > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

0
Q

__% of community dwellers ages 57 to 85 take at least 1 prescription drug.m__% used 5 or more medications

A

81, 29

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1
Q

Older adults in the U.S. Take ___ % of all drugs

A

34

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2
Q

Nursing home residents use more than ___ prescription drugs per day

A

8

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3
Q

Older adults purchase more than __% of over the counter medications

A

40%

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4
Q

Prescription drugs sales in 2013 were _____ up ___% from 2012

A

326 billion, 2.3%

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5
Q

Medication use in elderly exceeds younger due to

A

Increased prevalence of disease, clinical practice guidelines, direct consumer marketing, inappropriate prescribe practices, and unmonitored self medication

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6
Q

Pharmokinetics is

A

How the body effects the drug after administration through absorption and distribution and chemical changes in the body

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7
Q

What is half life

A

Time it takes for one half life of original drug dose to be removed from the body

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8
Q

Half life may be reduced by ___% with age

A

50

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9
Q

What are the four components of pharmokinetics

A

Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion

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10
Q

What is the volume of distribution

A

The relative portion of a drug in the body as a function of body mass

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11
Q

What is drug clearance

A

A function of the volume of distribution, metabolism and excretion

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12
Q

Physicians use ________ to determine drug dosage required at each dosing level to achieve therapeutic effect

A

Drug clearance

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13
Q

What is absorption

A

The rate at which a drug leaves the administration site

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14
Q

What is bioavailability

A

An index measure of amount of drug that reaches systemic circulation

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15
Q

Manufacturers use __________ data to determine optimum drug dosage or strength that produces desired therapeutic effect

A

Bio availability

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16
Q

What is distribution

A

The extent of drug dispersion in systemic circulation to site of action

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17
Q

Most distribution occurs via _________

A

Passive diffusion

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18
Q

___ soluble drugs are more rapidly and extensively absorbed

A

Fat

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19
Q

Protein binding capacity diminishes ___% with age

A

25

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20
Q

Drug binding is decreased due to lower ____

A

Albumin levels

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21
Q

More part of the drug remains in circulation causing a higher _____ drug level

A

Free fraction

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22
Q

What is metabolism

A

A biological transformation of a drug into an inactive molecule, a soluble compound or a potent metabolite

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23
Q

Where does metabolism primarily occur

A

Liver

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24
Q

Most agents are metabolized by ______ enzymes

A

Cytochrome P450 enzymes

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25
Q

What is excretion

A

Elimination of drug from body

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26
Q

Which pharmokinetics parameter is most effected by aging

A

Excretion

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27
Q

What is the primary organ responsible for drug elimination

A

Kidney

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28
Q

What is pharmacodynamics

A

The relationship between drug concentration at a site of action and the resulting effect.

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29
Q

What happens to receptors with age

A

Decrease in number, decrease in drug affinity and decreased receptor competency

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30
Q

What is down regulation

A

Cellular decrease in number of receptors to molecule which reduces cell sensitivity to molecule

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31
Q

What is affinity

A

Tendency of a molecule to associate with another

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32
Q

What is prescription drug abuse

A

Use of medication without a prescription, in a way other than prescribed, or for experience or feelings elicited

33
Q

What is underutilizTion

A

When physicians refrain from prescribing a drug with indications known to benefit from drug therapy

34
Q

Reasons for underutilization

A

Lack of knowledge, lack of time, financial concerns, lack of quality research and fear of ADR

35
Q

The beers criteria created in ____ was created to

A

1997, analyze and evaluate medication use to decrease the number of medication related problems

36
Q

A screening tool for prescription drug use

A

Screening Tool of Older Persons Potentially inappropriate Prescriptions (STOPP)

37
Q

What is poly pharmacy

A

Use of medication for which no clear indication exits or use of more than one medication from the same class

38
Q

What is irrational poly pharmacy

A

Inappropriate drug Prescription

39
Q

What is the most common kind of drug interaction

A

Drug to drug

40
Q

What are adverse drug reactions

A

Noxious, unintended reactions that occur at doses used diagnosis, prophylaxis. Or treatment

41
Q

Adverse drug reactions usually occur ___ days after initiation

A

4

42
Q

What is adherence

A

The extent to which a persons behavior conforms with medical or health advice

43
Q

What is non adherence

A

Number of doses not taken or taken incorrectly that jeopardizes the patients therapeutic outcome

44
Q

NSAIDs should be taken __ to ___ minutes prior to therapy

A

60 to 90

45
Q

Opioids should be take. __ to __ minutes before therapy

A

30 to 90

46
Q

Topical and transdermal agents should be taken __ minutes prior to therapy

A

60 minutes

47
Q

Beta blockers should be taken _ to _ hours before therapy

A

1 to 2

48
Q

Calcium channel blockers should be taken _ to _ hours before therapy

A

2 to 6

49
Q

Nutritional requires ___ with aging

A

Remain the same

50
Q

Antioxidants may prevent against

A

Vision loss

51
Q

Foods that help prevent Alzheimer’s

A

Vitamin E, omega 3 fatty acids, up hydrogenated unsaturated fats

52
Q

What is gastroenteritis

A

Inflammation of lining of intestinal wall

53
Q

What is gastritis

A

Malabsorption of protein and vitamin b complex

54
Q

What is pernicious anemia caused by

A

Lack of vitamin B12

55
Q

Calcium intake recommendations

A

1200-1500 mg per day

56
Q

Vitamin D recommendations per day

A

600-800 IU

57
Q

Two nutrition assessment tools

A

Subjective global assessment and mini nutritional assessment

58
Q

Carbohydrate re commendations

A

45-65%, 35-40 kcal/kg/day

59
Q

If someone has an infection, wound or catabolic stress add ____ carbs

A

25-30 kcal/kg/day

60
Q

Protein recommendations

A

15% or .8-1 kcal/kg/day

61
Q

Healthy active adults should have this much protein

A

1.25/kcal/kg/day

62
Q

If there is infection, wound, catabolic stress add this much protein

A

1.2 -1.5 kcal/kg/day

63
Q

Fat recommendations

A

20% no more than 35%

64
Q

Saturated fat levels should be ___

A

Less than 10%

65
Q

Cholesterol should be

A

Less than 300 mg

66
Q

What should the ratio of magnesium to calcium be in supplements

A

1:2 or 1:3

67
Q

Vitamin B12 is important for

A

Maintaining nerve tissue, nuclei can acid metabolism and for preventing megablastic anemia

68
Q

What are the effects of lack of vitamin B12

A

Fatigue, anemia, muscle weakness, loss of appetite,weight loss, diarrhea, nausea, tachycardia, numbness and tingling in UE and LE

69
Q

Recommended values of vitamin B12

A

2.4 ug/day

70
Q

Vitamin c recommendations

A

400 mg/day

71
Q

Vitamin c increase __ and ____

A

Fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis

72
Q

Vitamin D promotes ____ and ___

A

Bone mineralization and bone formation and metabolism

73
Q

Vitamin D deficiencies are associated with

A

Poor balance, cognitive effects, cancer, fractures, increased mortality from CVD

74
Q

Zinc is necessary for

A

Protein digestion and synthesis

75
Q

Zinc recommendations

A

8-11 mg

76
Q

Folate recommendations

A

250-1000 mcg daily

77
Q

Water recommendations

A

3.7 L /d for men and 2.7 L/ d for women

78
Q

What is h hypertonic dehydration

A

When there is a greater loss of water rather than sodium loss

79
Q

What is isotonic dehydration

A

Equal amounts, you see diarrhea and vomiting

80
Q

What is hypotonic dehydration

A

Greater amount of sodium loss to water loss, found with use of diuretics

81
Q

What is the administration on agings elderly nutrition program

A

Provides grants to support nutrition services to older adults by prodding home delivered meals that provide at least 1/3 or RDAs

Gerontology (12 decks)

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