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Gerontology > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

0
Q

__% of community dwellers ages 57 to 85 take at least 1 prescription drug.m__% used 5 or more medications

A

81, 29

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1
Q

Older adults in the U.S. Take ___ % of all drugs

A

34

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2
Q

Nursing home residents use more than ___ prescription drugs per day

A

8

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3
Q

Older adults purchase more than __% of over the counter medications

A

40%

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4
Q

Prescription drugs sales in 2013 were _____ up ___% from 2012

A

326 billion, 2.3%

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5
Q

Medication use in elderly exceeds younger due to

A

Increased prevalence of disease, clinical practice guidelines, direct consumer marketing, inappropriate prescribe practices, and unmonitored self medication

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6
Q

Pharmokinetics is

A

How the body effects the drug after administration through absorption and distribution and chemical changes in the body

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7
Q

What is half life

A

Time it takes for one half life of original drug dose to be removed from the body

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8
Q

Half life may be reduced by ___% with age

A

50

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9
Q

What are the four components of pharmokinetics

A

Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion

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10
Q

What is the volume of distribution

A

The relative portion of a drug in the body as a function of body mass

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11
Q

What is drug clearance

A

A function of the volume of distribution, metabolism and excretion

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12
Q

Physicians use ________ to determine drug dosage required at each dosing level to achieve therapeutic effect

A

Drug clearance

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13
Q

What is absorption

A

The rate at which a drug leaves the administration site

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14
Q

What is bioavailability

A

An index measure of amount of drug that reaches systemic circulation

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15
Q

Manufacturers use __________ data to determine optimum drug dosage or strength that produces desired therapeutic effect

A

Bio availability

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16
Q

What is distribution

A

The extent of drug dispersion in systemic circulation to site of action

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17
Q

Most distribution occurs via _________

A

Passive diffusion

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18
Q

___ soluble drugs are more rapidly and extensively absorbed

A

Fat

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19
Q

Protein binding capacity diminishes ___% with age

A

25

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20
Q

Drug binding is decreased due to lower ____

A

Albumin levels

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21
Q

More part of the drug remains in circulation causing a higher _____ drug level

A

Free fraction

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22
Q

What is metabolism

A

A biological transformation of a drug into an inactive molecule, a soluble compound or a potent metabolite

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23
Q

Where does metabolism primarily occur

A

Liver

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24
Most agents are metabolized by ______ enzymes
Cytochrome P450 enzymes
25
What is excretion
Elimination of drug from body
26
Which pharmokinetics parameter is most effected by aging
Excretion
27
What is the primary organ responsible for drug elimination
Kidney
28
What is pharmacodynamics
The relationship between drug concentration at a site of action and the resulting effect.
29
What happens to receptors with age
Decrease in number, decrease in drug affinity and decreased receptor competency
30
What is down regulation
Cellular decrease in number of receptors to molecule which reduces cell sensitivity to molecule
31
What is affinity
Tendency of a molecule to associate with another
32
What is prescription drug abuse
Use of medication without a prescription, in a way other than prescribed, or for experience or feelings elicited
33
What is underutilizTion
When physicians refrain from prescribing a drug with indications known to benefit from drug therapy
34
Reasons for underutilization
Lack of knowledge, lack of time, financial concerns, lack of quality research and fear of ADR
35
The beers criteria created in ____ was created to
1997, analyze and evaluate medication use to decrease the number of medication related problems
36
A screening tool for prescription drug use
Screening Tool of Older Persons Potentially inappropriate Prescriptions (STOPP)
37
What is poly pharmacy
Use of medication for which no clear indication exits or use of more than one medication from the same class
38
What is irrational poly pharmacy
Inappropriate drug Prescription
39
What is the most common kind of drug interaction
Drug to drug
40
What are adverse drug reactions
Noxious, unintended reactions that occur at doses used diagnosis, prophylaxis. Or treatment
41
Adverse drug reactions usually occur ___ days after initiation
4
42
What is adherence
The extent to which a persons behavior conforms with medical or health advice
43
What is non adherence
Number of doses not taken or taken incorrectly that jeopardizes the patients therapeutic outcome
44
NSAIDs should be taken __ to ___ minutes prior to therapy
60 to 90
45
Opioids should be take. __ to __ minutes before therapy
30 to 90
46
Topical and transdermal agents should be taken __ minutes prior to therapy
60 minutes
47
Beta blockers should be taken _ to _ hours before therapy
1 to 2
48
Calcium channel blockers should be taken _ to _ hours before therapy
2 to 6
49
Nutritional requires ___ with aging
Remain the same
50
Antioxidants may prevent against
Vision loss
51
Foods that help prevent Alzheimer's
Vitamin E, omega 3 fatty acids, up hydrogenated unsaturated fats
52
What is gastroenteritis
Inflammation of lining of intestinal wall
53
What is gastritis
Malabsorption of protein and vitamin b complex
54
What is pernicious anemia caused by
Lack of vitamin B12
55
Calcium intake recommendations
1200-1500 mg per day
56
Vitamin D recommendations per day
600-800 IU
57
Two nutrition assessment tools
Subjective global assessment and mini nutritional assessment
58
Carbohydrate re commendations
45-65%, 35-40 kcal/kg/day
59
If someone has an infection, wound or catabolic stress add ____ carbs
25-30 kcal/kg/day
60
Protein recommendations
15% or .8-1 kcal/kg/day
61
Healthy active adults should have this much protein
1.25/kcal/kg/day
62
If there is infection, wound, catabolic stress add this much protein
1.2 -1.5 kcal/kg/day
63
Fat recommendations
20% no more than 35%
64
Saturated fat levels should be ___
Less than 10%
65
Cholesterol should be
Less than 300 mg
66
What should the ratio of magnesium to calcium be in supplements
1:2 or 1:3
67
Vitamin B12 is important for
Maintaining nerve tissue, nuclei can acid metabolism and for preventing megablastic anemia
68
What are the effects of lack of vitamin B12
Fatigue, anemia, muscle weakness, loss of appetite,weight loss, diarrhea, nausea, tachycardia, numbness and tingling in UE and LE
69
Recommended values of vitamin B12
2.4 ug/day
70
Vitamin c recommendations
400 mg/day
71
Vitamin c increase __ and ____
Fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis
72
Vitamin D promotes ____ and ___
Bone mineralization and bone formation and metabolism
73
Vitamin D deficiencies are associated with
Poor balance, cognitive effects, cancer, fractures, increased mortality from CVD
74
Zinc is necessary for
Protein digestion and synthesis
75
Zinc recommendations
8-11 mg
76
Folate recommendations
250-1000 mcg daily
77
Water recommendations
3.7 L /d for men and 2.7 L/ d for women
78
What is h hypertonic dehydration
When there is a greater loss of water rather than sodium loss
79
What is isotonic dehydration
Equal amounts, you see diarrhea and vomiting
80
What is hypotonic dehydration
Greater amount of sodium loss to water loss, found with use of diuretics
81
What is the administration on agings elderly nutrition program
Provides grants to support nutrition services to older adults by prodding home delivered meals that provide at least 1/3 or RDAs

Gerontology (12 decks)

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