Module 2

Question 0

What is cellular aging

Answer 0

When cells decrease and tissues age

Question 1

Aging is a biological process that leads to what two things

Answer 1

Reduced tissue and physiological function and the susceptibility to diseases

Question 2

How do you determine chronological age

Answer 2

By examining the cellular changes in the body

Question 3

Senescent cells undergo three changes:

Answer 3

Uptake of nutrients and repair of genetic damage decreases, DNA and RNA synthesis declines, cells have morphological changes

Question 4

Aged mitochondria have a

Answer 4

Decreased ability to survive hypoxic insult

Question 5

Mitochondrial decline starts at age

Answer 5

50

Question 6

What is sarcopenia

Answer 6

Loss of muscle mass

Question 7

What is dynapenia

Answer 7

Lack of strength and power

Question 8

Strength declines at a rate of _____ after 60

Answer 8

10-15% per decade

Question 9

Muscles ____ in volume with age

Answer 9

Decrease

Question 10

There is a ____ in the number of motor units with age

Answer 10

Decrease

Question 11

There is a _____ in muscle fiber size with age

Answer 11

Decrease

Question 12

There is a greater decrease in type ____ muscle fibers with age

Answer 12

II

Question 13

With aging there is an _____ in collagen content

Answer 13

Increase

Question 14

With increased collagen content there is:

Answer 14

A decrease in muscle elasticity

Question 15

Due to the change in collagen content there is also infiltration of

Answer 15

Fat both macro and micro

Question 16

Power decreases at a rate of

Answer 16

3-5% annually

Question 17

LE Muscle ____ over muscle ___ is a greater predictor of functional limitations

Answer 17

Power, strength

Question 18

Neuromusculoskeltal and physiologic systems peak at age

Answer 18

30

Question 19

Decreased ability of cartilage Chondrocytes to

Answer 19

Restore extra cellular matrix

Question 20

Slough off in cartilage _____ creates turn over and new cartilage

Answer 20

Horizontal

Question 21

In which direction is cartilage damage worse

Answer 21

Vertical

Question 22

What two things are bound to Proteoglycans

Answer 22

Glucosaminoglycans and hyaluronic acid

Question 23

Proteoglycans are part of the

Answer 23

Extra cellular matrix

Question 24

Weight bearing exercises will increase

Answer 24

Proteoglycan content

Question 25

Loss of connective tissue elasticity and diminished fibroblast activity results in

Answer 25

Inadequate maintenance of collagen fibers and matrix

Question 26

Amount of bone formed during remodeling phase will

Answer 26

Decrease

Question 27

Rate of bone loss is ___% each year

Answer 27

1

Question 28

What happens to max cardiac output and vo2 max with age

Answer 28

Both decrease

Question 29

A decreased cardiac output causes decreased

Answer 29

Blood flow to the body

Question 30

What is the most significant age related change to the cardiovascular system

Answer 30

Increased calcification and thickening of vessels

Question 31

Which blood vessel demonstrates the greatest increased calcification and thickening of the vessel wall

Answer 31

Thoracic aorta

Question 32

What is stroke volume

Answer 32

The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle in one heart beat

Question 33

Stroke volume is highest when you are

Answer 33

Supine

Question 34

Increased SV in exercise, older adults rely on the

Answer 34

Frank starling mechanism

Question 35

Blood pressure is a combination of

Answer 35

The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle and the amount of resistance in the peripheral system

Question 36

If CO falls ____ is high and ____ remains stable

Answer 36

Total peripheral resistance and BP

Question 37

If both CO and total peripheral resistance increase or decrease then

Answer 37

BP will become hypo or hypertensive

Question 38

There is a ___ rise in SBP with aging

Answer 38

Linear

Question 39

After age 50 there is a ___ In DBP

Answer 39

Decline

Question 40

Baroreceptors are more or less sensitive to fluctuations in BP

Answer 40

Less

Question 41

Maximal HR declines by ____ per year

Answer 41

1 bpm

Question 42

What respiratory muscle has decreased strength

Answer 42

Diaphragm

Question 43

There is a ___% decrease in nerve conduction velocity

Answer 43

10

Question 44

There is a ___% decrease in number of spinal cord axons

Answer 44

37

Question 45

Weight of the brain decrease is limited to the ___ matter

Answer 45

Gray

Question 46

There is a ___ in number of nerve cells in brain

Answer 46

Decrease

Question 47

What type of memory decreases with age and what type remains stable

Answer 47

Implicit remains stable and explicit decreases

Question 48

What is crystallized intelligence

Answer 48

Involves knowledge that comes from past experiences and prior learning

Question 49

What is fluid intelligence

Answer 49

Ability to perceive relationships independent of previous specific practice or instruction concerning those relationships

Question 50

Which type of intelligence increases with age and which type decreases with age

Answer 50

Crystallized increases and fluid decreases

Question 51

Why does it take longer for older individuals to stabilize body temperature

Answer 51

The intersystem hypothalamic thermostat declines

Question 52

What is cochlear osteosclerosis

Answer 52

Decreased ability to discriminate consonants

Question 53

Decreased receptors in the corgi results in difficulty

Answer 53

Hearing softer sounds

Question 54

In order to be considered frail you must have ___ impairments

Answer 54

3

Question 55

The frailty impairments are

Answer 55

Strength, endurance, balance, gait speed, unintentional weight loss and low physical activity and loss of independence

Question 56

Gait speed that is a predictor of declining functional ability

Answer 56

1 mph

Question 57

Decrease in gait speed of ___ has been associated with a ___% decrease in ability to perform ADLs

Answer 57

.1 m/s and 10%

Question 58

Adults over age 60 spend ___% of their waking time sedentary

Answer 58

60%

Question 59

1-2 days of bed rest can take __ months to overcome the loss of mobility and strength

Answer 59

6

Question 60

Percent over 60 years older that participate in 30 min per day and 3 days per week of vigorous exercise

Answer 60

12%

Question 61

Percent over 75 that participates in vigorous exercise 30 min per day and 3 times per week

Answer 61

6%

Question 62

The three most common recreational activities for older adults

Answer 62

Walking, home maintenance and gardening

Question 63

The minimum requirements for community dwelling older adults are

Answer 63

Must be able to walk a minimum of 1200 ft carrying 8 lbs and perform postural transitions

Question 64

In order to increase the older adults strength you must use overload over greater than ___% of 1RM

Answer 64

60

Question 65

Strength training should include __ to ___ repetitions and a ___ on the Borg scale of exertion

Answer 65

16-20 and 11

Question 66

The most effective numbers for increasing strength are

Answer 66

80% of 1 RM for 8-12 reps

Question 67

What is be most significant variable in exercise prescription

Answer 67

Intensity

Question 68

1RM is evaluated every

Answer 68

2 weeks

Question 69

Long lasting and significant changes in strength occurs over a __ to __ week period

Answer 69

12 to 16

Question 70

For a home exercise program prescribe this many exercises

Answer 70

2-3

Question 71

Written handouts should have this size font and this reading level

Answer 71

14 point font and 4th grade level

Question 72

For aerobic exercise prescribe

Answer 72

30 minutes of walking at 50-70% of HRR Max or fast walking at 60-70% HRR max or RPE 12-13

Question 73

Aerobic exercise prescription Max levels

Answer 73

85% of HRR max and RPE 14-15

Question 74

What is successful aging

Answer 74

Maintenance of physical and mental well being with functional independence in absence of chronic disease

Question 75

The major characteristic to successful aging is

Answer 75

Adaptability