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Gerontology > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

0
Q

What is cellular aging

A

When cells decrease and tissues age

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1
Q

Aging is a biological process that leads to what two things

A

Reduced tissue and physiological function and the susceptibility to diseases

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2
Q

How do you determine chronological age

A

By examining the cellular changes in the body

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3
Q

Senescent cells undergo three changes:

A

Uptake of nutrients and repair of genetic damage decreases, DNA and RNA synthesis declines, cells have morphological changes

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4
Q

Aged mitochondria have a

A

Decreased ability to survive hypoxic insult

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5
Q

Mitochondrial decline starts at age

A

50

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6
Q

What is sarcopenia

A

Loss of muscle mass

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7
Q

What is dynapenia

A

Lack of strength and power

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8
Q

Strength declines at a rate of _____ after 60

A

10-15% per decade

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9
Q

Muscles ____ in volume with age

A

Decrease

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10
Q

There is a ____ in the number of motor units with age

A

Decrease

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11
Q

There is a _____ in muscle fiber size with age

A

Decrease

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12
Q

There is a greater decrease in type ____ muscle fibers with age

A

II

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13
Q

With aging there is an _____ in collagen content

A

Increase

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14
Q

With increased collagen content there is:

A

A decrease in muscle elasticity

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15
Q

Due to the change in collagen content there is also infiltration of

A

Fat both macro and micro

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16
Q

Power decreases at a rate of

A

3-5% annually

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17
Q

LE Muscle ____ over muscle ___ is a greater predictor of functional limitations

A

Power, strength

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18
Q

Neuromusculoskeltal and physiologic systems peak at age

A

30

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19
Q

Decreased ability of cartilage Chondrocytes to

A

Restore extra cellular matrix

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20
Q

Slough off in cartilage _____ creates turn over and new cartilage

A

Horizontal

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21
Q

In which direction is cartilage damage worse

A

Vertical

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22
Q

What two things are bound to Proteoglycans

A

Glucosaminoglycans and hyaluronic acid

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23
Q

Proteoglycans are part of the

A

Extra cellular matrix

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24
Q

Weight bearing exercises will increase

A

Proteoglycan content

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25
Q

Loss of connective tissue elasticity and diminished fibroblast activity results in

A

Inadequate maintenance of collagen fibers and matrix

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26
Q

Amount of bone formed during remodeling phase will

A

Decrease

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27
Q

Rate of bone loss is ___% each year

A

1

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28
Q

What happens to max cardiac output and vo2 max with age

A

Both decrease

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29
Q

A decreased cardiac output causes decreased

A

Blood flow to the body

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30
Q

What is the most significant age related change to the cardiovascular system

A

Increased calcification and thickening of vessels

31
Q

Which blood vessel demonstrates the greatest increased calcification and thickening of the vessel wall

A

Thoracic aorta

32
Q

What is stroke volume

A

The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle in one heart beat

33
Q

Stroke volume is highest when you are

A

Supine

34
Q

Increased SV in exercise, older adults rely on the

A

Frank starling mechanism

35
Q

Blood pressure is a combination of

A

The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle and the amount of resistance in the peripheral system

36
Q

If CO falls ____ is high and ____ remains stable

A

Total peripheral resistance and BP

37
Q

If both CO and total peripheral resistance increase or decrease then

A

BP will become hypo or hypertensive

38
Q

There is a ___ rise in SBP with aging

A

Linear

39
Q

After age 50 there is a ___ In DBP

A

Decline

40
Q

Baroreceptors are more or less sensitive to fluctuations in BP

A

Less

41
Q

Maximal HR declines by ____ per year

A

1 bpm

42
Q

What respiratory muscle has decreased strength

A

Diaphragm

43
Q

There is a ___% decrease in nerve conduction velocity

A

10

44
Q

There is a ___% decrease in number of spinal cord axons

A

37

45
Q

Weight of the brain decrease is limited to the ___ matter

A

Gray

46
Q

There is a ___ in number of nerve cells in brain

A

Decrease

47
Q

What type of memory decreases with age and what type remains stable

A

Implicit remains stable and explicit decreases

48
Q

What is crystallized intelligence

A

Involves knowledge that comes from past experiences and prior learning

49
Q

What is fluid intelligence

A

Ability to perceive relationships independent of previous specific practice or instruction concerning those relationships

50
Q

Which type of intelligence increases with age and which type decreases with age

A

Crystallized increases and fluid decreases

51
Q

Why does it take longer for older individuals to stabilize body temperature

A

The intersystem hypothalamic thermostat declines

52
Q

What is cochlear osteosclerosis

A

Decreased ability to discriminate consonants

53
Q

Decreased receptors in the corgi results in difficulty

A

Hearing softer sounds

54
Q

In order to be considered frail you must have ___ impairments

A

3

55
Q

The frailty impairments are

A

Strength, endurance, balance, gait speed, unintentional weight loss and low physical activity and loss of independence

56
Q

Gait speed that is a predictor of declining functional ability

A

1 mph

57
Q

Decrease in gait speed of ___ has been associated with a ___% decrease in ability to perform ADLs

A

.1 m/s and 10%

58
Q

Adults over age 60 spend ___% of their waking time sedentary

A

60%

59
Q

1-2 days of bed rest can take __ months to overcome the loss of mobility and strength

A

6

60
Q

Percent over 60 years older that participate in 30 min per day and 3 days per week of vigorous exercise

A

12%

61
Q

Percent over 75 that participates in vigorous exercise 30 min per day and 3 times per week

A

6%

62
Q

The three most common recreational activities for older adults

A

Walking, home maintenance and gardening

63
Q

The minimum requirements for community dwelling older adults are

A

Must be able to walk a minimum of 1200 ft carrying 8 lbs and perform postural transitions

64
Q

In order to increase the older adults strength you must use overload over greater than ___% of 1RM

A

60

65
Q

Strength training should include __ to ___ repetitions and a ___ on the Borg scale of exertion

A

16-20 and 11

66
Q

The most effective numbers for increasing strength are

A

80% of 1 RM for 8-12 reps

67
Q

What is be most significant variable in exercise prescription

A

Intensity

68
Q

1RM is evaluated every

A

2 weeks

69
Q

Long lasting and significant changes in strength occurs over a __ to __ week period

A

12 to 16

70
Q

For a home exercise program prescribe this many exercises

A

2-3

71
Q

Written handouts should have this size font and this reading level

A

14 point font and 4th grade level

72
Q

For aerobic exercise prescribe

A

30 minutes of walking at 50-70% of HRR Max or fast walking at 60-70% HRR max or RPE 12-13

73
Q

Aerobic exercise prescription Max levels

A

85% of HRR max and RPE 14-15

74
Q

What is successful aging

A

Maintenance of physical and mental well being with functional independence in absence of chronic disease

75
Q

The major characteristic to successful aging is

A

Adaptability

Gerontology (12 decks)

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