module 5 Flashcards
what is loperamide for
non infectious travellers diarrhea. interacts with opioid receptors in stomach
diphenhydramide
a first gen antihistamine that causes drowsiness benadryl
proton pump inhibitor (omeprazol)
for stomach acid, permanently binds to proton pumps inhibiting secretion but 90%
what are in decongestant nose drops
phenylephrine
centrally acting cough suppressants
block processing information in the brain reducing frequency of cough. medulla.
peripheral cough suppressant
blocks nerve endings in the throat and bronchioles inhibiting cough stimuli
drug of choice cough supressant
dextromethorphan because codeine carries risk of OUD
allopathic medicine
drugs used by mainstream medicine. they have a drug identification number from health canada and have undergone full testing for safety and efficacy
herbal medicine
refers to plant products being sold to treat a condition and do not have a DIN these products are often unpurified and often lack phase 3 clinical trial data
phytopharmaceutical
refers to drugs obtained form the plants which are purified and used at therapeutic doses with scientific efficacy and documented toxicity
allopathic phytopharmaceuticals
refer to drugs obtained and purified from plants that meet all the requirements of a drug. full safety and efficacy evaluation and sun and therefore have full status as a drug
problems associated with herbals
lack of efficacy and safety data. lack of RCT
treatment of nervous tension and panic attack s
valerian root
reducing blood sugar enhancement of memory and learning
panax ginseng
treating inflammatory conditions
devils claw
function of vitamin E and where is it found
antioxidant, protecting cells in the cardiovascular system and other tissues from the damaging effects of free radicals. found in leafy green vegetables, almonds
functions of vitamin A and food sources
required for growth and development for normal structure of the mucous membrane and epithelial cells. a constituent of a complex molecule in the ride of the eye called this pain which is required for night vision
a supplement that is recommended for women of childbearing age to decrease the undivided id neural tube defect in offspring such as spinal bifida
folic acid
vitamin d uses and effects
prevents osteoporosis. helps with calcium absorption
deficiency can result in decreased absorption of calcium and phosphate from the intestine, therefore decreased blood calcium level. can lead to removal of calcium from the bone in an attempt to maintain blood calcium levels. rickets
classes of food additives
flavouring
colours
texture agents
preservatives
sweetener
msg causes what
causes a tightening of muscles in the face and neck accompanied by headache nausea and giddinesss
what food colouring causes allergic reactions
tartrazine
types of texture agents
silicates and emulsifying agents
where are silicates added
flour and flour products
types of preservatives
antibacterial and antioxidants
types of anti bacterial additives
smoke antibiotics and sodium nitrate
these antibacterial preservatives are added to meat to make them red and to inhibit the growth of clostridium botulinum they also form nitrosamines which are known carcinogens
sodium nitrite
antioxidant preservatives
water soluble - added to food to reduce oxidation of carbs usually absorbic and citric acid
fat soluble - added to food to prevent fat from becoming rancid potato chips cakes usually tocopherol. some have been shown to cause liver damage
types of sweeteners
saccharin - first sweetened developed
aspartame - classified as a potential carcinogen by the who to primary liver cancer. can be problematic for people with phenylketonuria.
when are vitamins used as supplements
need for increased nutrition - kids, pregnancy stress menstruation
absorption disturbances - hyperthyroidism or gi issues diarrhea
inadequate nutritional intake - poverty sud
overdosing on what vitamin can cause nerve injury
vitamin b6 or pyridoxine. additionally taking high doses of fat soluble vitamins can accumulate in body fat and cause toxic effects
why are retinoids only available by prescription
retinoids specifically oral form are associated with a number of adverse effects including damage to an unborn child depression diabetes and liver disease, which is why they need to be monitored closely by a clinician
