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PHAR 100 > module 4 > Flashcards

module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

gram positive bacteria vs gram negative

A

gram positive - thick peptoglycan layer no outer membrane
gram negative - thin layer and outer membrane

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2
Q

broad spectrum antibiotic

A

tetracycline

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3
Q

broad spectrum antibiotic

A

tetracycline

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4
Q

narrow spectrum antibiotic

A

penicillin g

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5
Q

classification of antibiotics by biochemical pathway

A

cell wall synthesis inhibitors
DNA synthesis inhibitors
protein synthesis inhibitors
metabolic inhibitors

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6
Q

this antibiotic functions to stop the proper formation of the bacterial cell wall and membrane influencing the structural integrity of the cell

A

cell wall synthesis inhibitors such as penicillins or cephalosporins

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7
Q

this antibiotic inhibits DNA replication in bacteria, preventing bacterial growth

A

DNA synthesis inhibitors such as fluoroquinolones

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8
Q

this antibiotic inhibits protein translation within bacteria inhibiting protein synthesis

A

protein synthesis inhibitors such as tetracyclines and macrolides

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9
Q

this antibiotic blocks the formation of key bacterial metabolic substrates needed for bacteria to survive and reproduce

A

metabolic inhibitors such as anti folate drugs

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10
Q

cell wall synthesis antibiotics

A

penicillin g
methicillin
ampicillin and amoxicillin
amoxicillin and cavulanic acid

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11
Q

inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis

A

fluoroquinolones

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12
Q

inhibit formation of bacterial cell walls by inhibiting transpeptidase

A

penicillins/ cephalosporins

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13
Q

inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunits preventing the addition of amino acids to the protein chains

A

tetracyclines, protein synthesis inhibitor

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14
Q

inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits preventing and blocking peptide bond formation

A

macrolide a protein synthesis inhibitor

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15
Q

block folate metabolism by inhibiting PABA incorporation into dihydropteroic acid

A

sulfonamides

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16
Q

block folate metabolism by inhibiting dihydrofolic acid reductase

A

trimethoprim

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17
Q

bacteriostatic

A

inhibits the growth and reproduction of bacteria

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18
Q

bacteriacidal

A

directly kills bacteria

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19
Q

macrolides and tetracycline fall under what class of antibiotic

A

protein synthesis inhibitors

20
Q

what is the difference between the mechanism of action of tetracyclines and macrolides

A

tetracyclines bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit of the mRNA ribosome complex and prevents the addition of amino acids to the protein chain

macrolides bind to the 50S ribosomal subunit and blocks the formation of the peptide bond

21
Q

examples of antifolates a metabolic inhibitor

A

sulfonamides and trimethoprim

22
Q

combination antifolates such as sulfamethoxazole or trimethoprime are used for treating what types of infection

A

UTIs, respiratory and gi tract infections

23
Q

antimicrobials include

A

antibiotics anti fungal antivirals and anti parasitic drugs

24
Q

two major factors associated with the development of antibiotic resistance

A

evolution of bacteria and clinical and environmental factors such as misuse

25
Q

causes of antibiotic resistance

A

over prescription
inappropriate use ( premature discontinuation)
use in agriculture

26
Q

4 methods that organisms become resistant

A

uptake - mutations or lack of pores
target - mutation in the target
inactivation - enzyme that deactivate drug
efflux pumps - over expression of transports

27
Q

anti fungal drugs

A

echinocandins and amidazoles or azoles

28
Q

azoles mechanism of action

A

they inhibit fungal p450 cytochrome thereby inhibiting ergosterol synthesis. ergotsterol is critical for cell wall function and survival. selective toxicity in azoles lies in their higher affinity for fungal p450 than human

29
Q

a narrow spectrum penicillin that destroys mainly gram positive bacteria. used to treat pneumonia middle ear infections and meningitis

A

penicillin G

30
Q

a penicillin that is resistant to attack by penicillinase

A

methicillin

31
Q

broad spectrum penicillin useful against a range of infections caused by gram negative bacteria

A

ampicillin and amoxicillin

32
Q

a semisynthetic penicillin plus an inhibitor of penicillinase that was introduced into therapy to combat penicillins producing strains of bacteria

A

amoxicillin and cavulanic acid

33
Q

which penicillin is resistant to the action of penicillinase

A

methicillin

34
Q

co- trimoxazole is a combination of what two drugs?

A

trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole

35
Q

mechanism of action: antifolates

A

tetrahydrofolic acid a folate, is essential for bacteria to synthesize DNA. if not formed bacteria growth will slow. both sulfonamides and trimethoprim

sulfonamides inhibit PABA incorporation into dihydropteroic acid. they are selectively toxic to bacteria

trimethoprim inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolic acid reductase thus inhibiting tetrahydrofolic acid formation.
selectively toxic to bacteria because it has greater inhibitory actions on the bacterial enzyme than on the human enzyme

36
Q

potential male contraceptives

A

androgens
estrogens
progestins and androgen
gossypol

37
Q

spermatogenisis

A

hypothalamus release GnRH which stimulates the pituitary gland to release FSH and LH. in males, FSH stimulates the seminiferous tubules in the testes to produce sperm. while LH stimulates leydig cells to produce testosterone. leydig cells are found adjacent to the semininerarous tubules i. the testes testosterone in the hormone responsible for male secondary sex characteristics and the presence of testosterone in the body inhibits the hypothalamus from releasing more GnRH. this prevents over production of testosterone

38
Q

spermatogenesis mechanism of action

A

attempts to create male contraceptives by inhibiting the release of gonadotropin release hormone and thus spermatogenesis also decreases testosterone production which leads to the adverse effect of a decrease in sex drive

39
Q

what benefits would a local injectable non hormonal form of male contraceptives has over hormonal

A

a non hormonal form of male contraceptives would avoid all the side effects related to administering hormones such as increased aggression, decreased libido or the development of feminine characteristics. additionally an injectable form of contraceptive allows the patient to ensure contraceptive protection before engaging in sexual activity

40
Q

adverse side effects of male hormonal contraceptives

A

increased agresssion
decreased libido
development of feminine characteristics

41
Q

most effective female contraceptive and least

A

iud both perfect use and typical use
progestin only is the least effective

42
Q

pros and cons for oral contraceptives

A

most convenient and least expensive non invasive

variable amount of absorption due to differences in intestinal motility

43
Q

pros and cons of the shot or depo. contraceptive

A

patients do not control dosing so it delivers a steady supply for set periods avoids first pass effect

volume of drug is limited and it’s more invasive

44
Q

the patch pros and cons

A

convenient delivers steady drug supply for set period and avoids the first pass effect

expensive and causes local irritation

45
Q

this antiviral is a neuroamidase inhibitor used to treat the flu

A

oseltamivir

46
Q

two types of antivirals

A

acyclover and oseltamivir

47
Q

this antivirus is activated by the virus and then inhibits viral DNA replication. drug of choice for herpes of vzu

A

acyclover

PHAR 100 (6 decks)

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