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PHAR 100 > module 3 > Flashcards

module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Gaba signalling

A

Causes gaba inhibition by binding to and selectiveky opening chloride channels.

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2
Q

why does GABA cause CNS depression and how

A

when GABA binds to and opens the chloride channel, chloride ions flow into the post synaptic neuron. the influx of chloride ions makes it harder for the post synaptic neuron to transmit incoming messages to other neurons, therefore depressing CNS neuronal signalling

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3
Q

benzodiazepines mechanisms of action

A

activation of benzodiazepines receptor increases the frequency of the opening of the chloride channel

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4
Q

benzos have _______ on rem sleep

A

minimal suppression

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5
Q

benzos have a _____ therapeutic index

A

high

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6
Q

antidote for benzodiazepines

A

flumazenil , a benzo receptor antagonist

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7
Q

mechanism of action barbiturates

A

increases duration of the opening of the chloride channel

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8
Q

difference between barbiturates and benzodiazepine

A

benzodiazepines increase frequency of chloride channel opening while barbiturates increase duration of opening. benzodiazepines have a higher therapeutic index while barbiturates have a low therapeutic index, and the withdrawal can cause death. benzos have an antidote flumazenil while barbiturates do not. benzos minimally suppress rem sleep but barbiturates suppress rem sleep.

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9
Q

short term effects of barbiturate use

A

in large doses, they can depress the cardiovascular system slowing the heart and lowering blood pressure. may cause dizziness and mild impairment of motor coordination

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10
Q

barbiturates potential for misuse and sud

A

potential for misuse greater or equal to alcohol pleasurable effects give significant degree of reinforcement. inherent harmfulness very high due to risk of death from respiratory depression or withdrawal
cross tolerance can develop with other sedatives

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11
Q

barbiturates are ______ while benzodiazepines are________

A

anti epileptic, anti anxiety

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12
Q

buspirone

A

an anxiolytic that does not act on the gaba receptor, but on the serotonin receptor. used in general anxiety states, does not have additive effects with other sedative hypnotic drugs

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13
Q

which affects sleep less, zopiclone or benzodiazepine

A

zopiclone

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14
Q

______ does not appear to be a problem for the clinical use of benzodiazepines however can develop to the _______ effects and impairment of coordination the anxiolytic effects or euphoric effects

A

tolerance, sedative

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15
Q

4 effects of sedative hypnotics on the cns depending on the dose

A

anti- anxiety, sedation, hypnosis, general anesthesia

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16
Q

____ of alcohol is absorbed in the stomach , ____ is absorbed in the upper small intestine

A

20%, 80%

17
Q

short term effects of opioids

A

analgesia
suppression of cough centre
respiratory depression
miosis
decreased intestinal motility
endocrine effects
sedation and hypnosis
irregular heart rate, low body temperature and sweating

18
Q

classes of opioids

A

endogenous opioids (excercise)
natural opioids ( opium poppy)
semi synthetic opioids (oxycodone)
synthetic opioids (fentanyl)

19
Q

therapeutic use for opioids

A

treatment of diarrhea
relief of severe pain
cough suppression

20
Q

opioids made in the body that bind to opioid receptors

A

endogenous opioids

21
Q

opioids not made in the human body but derived from the opium poppy plant

A

natural opioids morphine and codeine

22
Q

slightly altered versions of morphine that are chemically changed to obtain different pharmacological properties

A

semi synthetic opioids
hydromorphone
diacetyl morphine

23
Q

brand name heroine

A

diacetylmorphine

24
Q

opioids not serviced from morphine by chemically synthesized to bind to the opioid receptor

A

synthetic opioids such as fentantyl and loperamide and methadone

25
Q

opioid receptors

A

MU, KAPPA, DELTA

26
Q

where are MU opioid receptors found

A

all structures of the brain and spinal cord

27
Q

what are KAPPA receptors responsible for

A

analgesia dysphoria and miosis

28
Q

receptors involved in analgesia at the level of spinal cord and brain and may module emotional response to opioids

A

DELTA receptors

29
Q

opioids reduce the emotional reaction to pain through :

A

the modulation of the limbic system

30
Q

how to opioids prevent pain signals

A

by reducing neurotransmitter release from presynapic neurons and reducing the effect on post synaptic neurons

31
Q

opioid misuse potential

A

large risk for misuse as they have very powerful euphoric effects

32
Q

opioid antagonist

A

naloxone

33
Q

what receptor does thc bind to

A

CB1 receptors in brain and spinal cord

34
Q

cannabis mechanism of action

A

anandamide is an endogenous ligand for CB receptors involved in learning and memory processes. the CB1 receptor when activated by anandamide or THC inhibits the release of excitatory neurotransmitters. explaining the reduction in cognitive function and CNS depressant effects seen with THC

35
Q

where are CB1 and CB2 receptors found

A

CB1 Receptors are found in the brain and spinal cord and CB2 are found on lymphocytes and are thought to be responsible for immunosuppressive properties of THC

36
Q

thc is highly ____ soluble

A

lipid

37
Q

half life of THC

A

30 hours

38
Q

short term cannabis use effects

A

cns effects drowsiness impaired motor coordination increased appetite euphoria

cardiovascular increases heart rate increased blood flow to extremities
pots

gi tract increased appetite mouth dry

reduced sex drive and testosterone levels
disruption of ovarian cycle

39
Q

long term effects of cannabis

A

high doses short term memory loss lack of concentration loss in ability in abstract thinking emotional flatness

changes in blood pressure
respiratory issues like copd

decreased sperm count
reduced fsh and lh

PHAR 100 (6 decks)

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