module 3

Question 1

Gaba signalling

Answer 1

Causes gaba inhibition by binding to and selectiveky opening chloride channels.

Question 2

why does GABA cause CNS depression and how

Answer 2

when GABA binds to and opens the chloride channel, chloride ions flow into the post synaptic neuron. the influx of chloride ions makes it harder for the post synaptic neuron to transmit incoming messages to other neurons, therefore depressing CNS neuronal signalling

Question 3

benzodiazepines mechanisms of action

Answer 3

activation of benzodiazepines receptor increases the frequency of the opening of the chloride channel

Question 4

benzos have _______ on rem sleep

Answer 4

minimal suppression

Question 5

benzos have a _____ therapeutic index

Answer 5

high

Question 6

antidote for benzodiazepines

Answer 6

flumazenil , a benzo receptor antagonist

Question 7

mechanism of action barbiturates

Answer 7

increases duration of the opening of the chloride channel

Question 8

difference between barbiturates and benzodiazepine

Answer 8

benzodiazepines increase frequency of chloride channel opening while barbiturates increase duration of opening. benzodiazepines have a higher therapeutic index while barbiturates have a low therapeutic index, and the withdrawal can cause death. benzos have an antidote flumazenil while barbiturates do not. benzos minimally suppress rem sleep but barbiturates suppress rem sleep.

Question 9

short term effects of barbiturate use

Answer 9

in large doses, they can depress the cardiovascular system slowing the heart and lowering blood pressure. may cause dizziness and mild impairment of motor coordination

Question 10

barbiturates potential for misuse and sud

Answer 10

potential for misuse greater or equal to alcohol pleasurable effects give significant degree of reinforcement. inherent harmfulness very high due to risk of death from respiratory depression or withdrawal
cross tolerance can develop with other sedatives

Question 11

barbiturates are ______ while benzodiazepines are________

Answer 11

anti epileptic, anti anxiety

Question 12

buspirone

Answer 12

an anxiolytic that does not act on the gaba receptor, but on the serotonin receptor. used in general anxiety states, does not have additive effects with other sedative hypnotic drugs

Question 13

which affects sleep less, zopiclone or benzodiazepine

Answer 13

zopiclone

Question 14

______ does not appear to be a problem for the clinical use of benzodiazepines however can develop to the _______ effects and impairment of coordination the anxiolytic effects or euphoric effects

Answer 14

tolerance, sedative

Question 15

4 effects of sedative hypnotics on the cns depending on the dose

Answer 15

anti- anxiety, sedation, hypnosis, general anesthesia

Question 16

____ of alcohol is absorbed in the stomach , ____ is absorbed in the upper small intestine

Answer 16

20%, 80%

Question 17

short term effects of opioids

Answer 17

analgesia
suppression of cough centre
respiratory depression
miosis
decreased intestinal motility
endocrine effects
sedation and hypnosis
irregular heart rate, low body temperature and sweating

Question 18

classes of opioids

Answer 18

endogenous opioids (excercise)
natural opioids ( opium poppy)
semi synthetic opioids (oxycodone)
synthetic opioids (fentanyl)

Question 19

therapeutic use for opioids

Answer 19

treatment of diarrhea
relief of severe pain
cough suppression

Question 20

opioids made in the body that bind to opioid receptors

Answer 20

endogenous opioids

Question 21

opioids not made in the human body but derived from the opium poppy plant

Answer 21

natural opioids morphine and codeine

Question 22

slightly altered versions of morphine that are chemically changed to obtain different pharmacological properties

Answer 22

semi synthetic opioids
hydromorphone
diacetyl morphine

Question 23

brand name heroine

Answer 23

diacetylmorphine

Question 24

opioids not serviced from morphine by chemically synthesized to bind to the opioid receptor

Answer 24

synthetic opioids such as fentantyl and loperamide and methadone

Question 25

opioid receptors

Answer 25

MU, KAPPA, DELTA

Question 26

where are MU opioid receptors found

Answer 26

all structures of the brain and spinal cord

Question 27

what are KAPPA receptors responsible for

Answer 27

analgesia dysphoria and miosis

Question 28

receptors involved in analgesia at the level of spinal cord and brain and may module emotional response to opioids

Answer 28

DELTA receptors

Question 29

opioids reduce the emotional reaction to pain through :

Answer 29

the modulation of the limbic system

Question 30

how to opioids prevent pain signals

Answer 30

by reducing neurotransmitter release from presynapic neurons and reducing the effect on post synaptic neurons

Question 31

opioid misuse potential

Answer 31

large risk for misuse as they have very powerful euphoric effects

Question 32

opioid antagonist

Answer 32

naloxone

Question 33

what receptor does thc bind to

Answer 33

CB1 receptors in brain and spinal cord

Question 34

cannabis mechanism of action

Answer 34

anandamide is an endogenous ligand for CB receptors involved in learning and memory processes. the CB1 receptor when activated by anandamide or THC inhibits the release of excitatory neurotransmitters. explaining the reduction in cognitive function and CNS depressant effects seen with THC

Question 35

where are CB1 and CB2 receptors found

Answer 35

CB1 Receptors are found in the brain and spinal cord and CB2 are found on lymphocytes and are thought to be responsible for immunosuppressive properties of THC

Question 36

thc is highly ____ soluble

Answer 36

lipid

Question 37

half life of THC

Answer 37

30 hours

Question 38

short term cannabis use effects

Answer 38

cns effects drowsiness impaired motor coordination increased appetite euphoria cardiovascular increases heart rate increased blood flow to extremities pots gi tract increased appetite mouth dry reduced sex drive and testosterone levels disruption of ovarian cycle

Question 39

long term effects of cannabis

Answer 39

high doses short term memory loss lack of concentration loss in ability in abstract thinking emotional flatness changes in blood pressure respiratory issues like copd decreased sperm count reduced fsh and lh