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PHAR 100 > module 1: history of drug use and development > Flashcards

module 1: history of drug use and development Flashcards

1
Q

definition of drug

A

a substance received by a biological system that is not received for nutritional purposes, influences the biological function of an organism

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2
Q

opium is contains which two substances

A

morphine (10%) and codeine (0.5%)

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3
Q

ephedrine is a derivative of what chinese drug and what does it treat

A

ma huang, treats asthma, used as a decongestant

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4
Q

how is curare used in modern times

A

as an anesthetic during surgery

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5
Q

what are the effects of the poison ergot

A

causes violent contractions of the uterus, can cause hallucinations, convulsions, constructions of blood vessels, cause limbs to fall off

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6
Q

when is ergotamine used

A

used to treat migraines by constricting blood vessels.

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7
Q

when is ergotovine used

A

used to hasten birth, can be used to arrest uterine bleeding after childbirth

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8
Q

what is the active ingredient in peyote that causes hallucinations

A

mescaline

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9
Q

what percent of drugs are derived from plant sources

A

25%

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10
Q

___ is similar is structure to ergotamine and ergotovine

A

LSD

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11
Q

when was LSD synthesized

A

1943 by albert hofman

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12
Q

invented in the 1900s, this drug selectively binds to parasites, lead to the cure for syphilis

A

organoarsenics

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13
Q

invented in 1930s, first successful synthetic antimicrobial

A

sulfa drugs

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14
Q

1940s, first antibiotic, used in second world war for gram positive bacterial diseases.

A

penicillin

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15
Q

invented in 1950s, treated TB and gram negative diseases.

A

streptomycin

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16
Q

bacteria with thick cell wall and no outer membrane ( diphtheria, staphylococcus)

A

gram positive

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17
Q

bacteria with thin cell wall and outer membrane (cholera, e. coli)

A

gram negative

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18
Q

the well established way to prove or disprove the value of a new medication or treated is a randomized controlled trial (RCT) this means that

A

the people who administer the drugs do not know who is receiving the new drug. or are double blind

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19
Q

The maximum pharmacological response that can be produced by a specific drug in that biological system

A

Efficacy

20
Q

The dose of a drug that is required to produce a response of a certain magnitude, usually 50% of the maximal response for that drug. Refers only to the amount of drug that must be given to obtain a particular response.

A

Potency

21
Q

What is the difference between efficacy and potency?

A

Efficacy refers to the drugs ability to effectively activate the receptor once it has bound to it. It tells how you effective a drug is at produced the desired effect. Potency is the amount of a drug that is necessary to produce a desired effect. Or how strong a drug is

22
Q

The therapeutic range is best described as?

A

The range of blood concentration where the frugnis effective but toxicities usually do not occur

23
Q

Processes involved in pharmacokinetics

A

ADME absorption distribution metabolism excretion

24
Q

Routes of administration

A

Topical (skin, inhalation)
Enteral (mouth rectum sublingual and buccal)
Parenteral(IV IM subcutaneous)

25
Q

Advantages of sublingual and buccal administration. Disadvantages

A

It bypasses enzymes of the stomach, intestines and liver. Not all drugs are adequately absorbed from this route

26
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of mouth administration

A

Most commonly used to administer. Most convenient and least expensive. Non invasive.

Variable absorption between patients due to differences intestinal motility

27
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of rectal administration

A

Can be used in patients who are nauseated or vomiting, less invasive route for comatose patients. Digestive enzymes of stomach are bypassed.
Only a number of medications of available for this route. Absorption from rectal mucosa slow incomplete and variable

28
Q

Bioavailability

A

The amount of an administered dose that reaches the blood in an active form. Eg intravenous is 100% biolavailable. Any other route would be less

29
Q

Most to least bioavailable route of administration

A

Parenteral, enteral, topical

30
Q

Define absorption

A

The movement of a drug from the site of administration into the blood

31
Q

Define distribution

A

The movement of a drug from the blood to the site of action and other tissues

32
Q

Biotransformation or drug metabolism

A

Conversion of a drug to a different chemical compound in order to eliminate it.

33
Q

To be eliminated from the body by the kidneys, a drug must be _____ _______

A

Water soluble

34
Q

P450

A

Enzymes capable of biotransforming drugs. Found innmoet tissue but abundant in the liver

35
Q

Phase 1 and 2 of biotransformation reaction

A

1: purpose is to add or unmask a functional group on the drug to prepare it for the addition of a large water-soluble molecule in the phase 2 reaction.
2: addition of a large water soluble moiety( glucaronic acid), making the betabolite water soluble to be excreted by kidneys

36
Q

Therapeutic index

A

Td/Ed

37
Q

Examples of drug- drug interactions

A

Absorption - drug can increase intestinal movement, speeding the passage of a second drug through the intestine and decreasing contact of the second drug with the intestinal wall, decreasing absorption.
Metabolism- drug can block the inactivation of a second drug in the liver. Increasing the blood level and pharmacologal effect of the second drug

38
Q

Drug food interactions

A

Grapefruit
Tyramine

39
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Glutamate
Catecholmines
GABA
serotonin
Acetylcholine
Opiod peptide

40
Q

What receptors does glutamate match with

A

Glutamatergic receptors

41
Q

Norepinephrine receptors

A

Alpha and beta receptors

42
Q

Acetylcholine receptors

A

Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

43
Q

GABA receptors

A

Gabaergic receptors

44
Q

Primary excitatory neurotransmitter

A

Glutamate

45
Q

drug development process 5 steps

A

basic research and drug discovery, preclinical trials, clinical trials. health canada review and manufacturing,
post market surveillance

PHAR 100 (6 decks)

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