module 1: history of drug use and development

Question 1

definition of drug

Answer 1

a substance received by a biological system that is not received for nutritional purposes, influences the biological function of an organism

Question 2

opium is contains which two substances

Answer 2

morphine (10%) and codeine (0.5%)

Question 3

ephedrine is a derivative of what chinese drug and what does it treat

Answer 3

ma huang, treats asthma, used as a decongestant

Question 4

how is curare used in modern times

Answer 4

as an anesthetic during surgery

Question 5

what are the effects of the poison ergot

Answer 5

causes violent contractions of the uterus, can cause hallucinations, convulsions, constructions of blood vessels, cause limbs to fall off

Question 6

when is ergotamine used

Answer 6

used to treat migraines by constricting blood vessels.

Question 7

when is ergotovine used

Answer 7

used to hasten birth, can be used to arrest uterine bleeding after childbirth

Question 8

what is the active ingredient in peyote that causes hallucinations

Answer 8

mescaline

Question 9

what percent of drugs are derived from plant sources

Answer 9

25%

Question 10

___ is similar is structure to ergotamine and ergotovine

Answer 10

LSD

Question 11

when was LSD synthesized

Answer 11

1943 by albert hofman

Question 12

invented in the 1900s, this drug selectively binds to parasites, lead to the cure for syphilis

Answer 12

organoarsenics

Question 13

invented in 1930s, first successful synthetic antimicrobial

Answer 13

sulfa drugs

Question 14

1940s, first antibiotic, used in second world war for gram positive bacterial diseases.

Answer 14

penicillin

Question 15

invented in 1950s, treated TB and gram negative diseases.

Answer 15

streptomycin

Question 16

bacteria with thick cell wall and no outer membrane ( diphtheria, staphylococcus)

Answer 16

gram positive

Question 17

bacteria with thin cell wall and outer membrane (cholera, e. coli)

Answer 17

gram negative

Question 18

the well established way to prove or disprove the value of a new medication or treated is a randomized controlled trial (RCT) this means that

Answer 18

the people who administer the drugs do not know who is receiving the new drug. or are double blind

Question 19

The maximum pharmacological response that can be produced by a specific drug in that biological system

Answer 19

Efficacy

Question 20

The dose of a drug that is required to produce a response of a certain magnitude, usually 50% of the maximal response for that drug. Refers only to the amount of drug that must be given to obtain a particular response.

Answer 20

Potency

Question 21

What is the difference between efficacy and potency?

Answer 21

Efficacy refers to the drugs ability to effectively activate the receptor once it has bound to it. It tells how you effective a drug is at produced the desired effect. Potency is the amount of a drug that is necessary to produce a desired effect. Or how strong a drug is

Question 22

The therapeutic range is best described as?

Answer 22

The range of blood concentration where the frugnis effective but toxicities usually do not occur

Question 23

Processes involved in pharmacokinetics

Answer 23

ADME absorption distribution metabolism excretion

Question 24

Routes of administration

Answer 24

Topical (skin, inhalation)
Enteral (mouth rectum sublingual and buccal)
Parenteral(IV IM subcutaneous)

Question 25

Advantages of sublingual and buccal administration. Disadvantages

Answer 25

It bypasses enzymes of the stomach, intestines and liver. Not all drugs are adequately absorbed from this route

Question 26

Advantages and disadvantages of mouth administration

Answer 26

Most commonly used to administer. Most convenient and least expensive. Non invasive. Variable absorption between patients due to differences intestinal motility

Question 27

Advantages and disadvantages of rectal administration

Answer 27

Can be used in patients who are nauseated or vomiting, less invasive route for comatose patients. Digestive enzymes of stomach are bypassed. Only a number of medications of available for this route. Absorption from rectal mucosa slow incomplete and variable

Question 28

Bioavailability

Answer 28

The amount of an administered dose that reaches the blood in an active form. Eg intravenous is 100% biolavailable. Any other route would be less

Question 29

Most to least bioavailable route of administration

Answer 29

Parenteral, enteral, topical

Question 30

Define absorption

Answer 30

The movement of a drug from the site of administration into the blood

Question 31

Define distribution

Answer 31

The movement of a drug from the blood to the site of action and other tissues

Question 32

Biotransformation or drug metabolism

Answer 32

Conversion of a drug to a different chemical compound in order to eliminate it.

Question 33

To be eliminated from the body by the kidneys, a drug must be _____ _______

Answer 33

Water soluble

Question 34

P450

Answer 34

Enzymes capable of biotransforming drugs. Found innmoet tissue but abundant in the liver

Question 35

Phase 1 and 2 of biotransformation reaction

Answer 35

1: purpose is to add or unmask a functional group on the drug to prepare it for the addition of a large water-soluble molecule in the phase 2 reaction. 2: addition of a large water soluble moiety( glucaronic acid), making the betabolite water soluble to be excreted by kidneys

Question 36

Therapeutic index

Answer 36

Td/Ed

Question 37

Examples of drug- drug interactions

Answer 37

Absorption - drug can increase intestinal movement, speeding the passage of a second drug through the intestine and decreasing contact of the second drug with the intestinal wall, decreasing absorption. Metabolism- drug can block the inactivation of a second drug in the liver. Increasing the blood level and pharmacologal effect of the second drug

Question 38

Drug food interactions

Answer 38

Grapefruit Tyramine

Question 39

Neurotransmitters

Answer 39

Glutamate Catecholmines GABA serotonin Acetylcholine Opiod peptide

Question 40

What receptors does glutamate match with

Answer 40

Glutamatergic receptors

Question 41

Norepinephrine receptors

Answer 41

Alpha and beta receptors

Question 42

Acetylcholine receptors

Answer 42

Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

Question 43

GABA receptors

Answer 43

Gabaergic receptors

Question 44

Primary excitatory neurotransmitter

Answer 44

Glutamate

Question 45

drug development process 5 steps

Answer 45

basic research and drug discovery, preclinical trials, clinical trials. health canada review and manufacturing, post market surveillance