Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CYTOGENETICS > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

 A simple polymer composed of four types of chemically related nucleotide subunits
 Carries the hereditary information of the cell

A

DNA Molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Isolated nuclein in white blood
cell nuclei (1869)

A

Friedrich Miescher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Transferred killing ability between types of bacteria (1928)

A

Frederick Griffith

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Discovered that DNA transmits killing ability in bacteria (1940)

A

Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn
McCarty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Determined that the part of a virus that infects and replicates is its nucleic acid and not its protein (1950)

A

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Discovered DNA components, proportions, and positons (1909-early 1950s)

A

Phoebus Levene, Erwin Chargaff, Maurice
Wilkins, and Rosalind Franklin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Elucidated DNA’s three dimensional structure (1953)

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Had his genome sequenced (2008)

A

James Watson

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

 A section of a DNA molecule
 Sequence of building blocks that specifies the
sequence of amino acids in a particular protein

A

Gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Base + Sugar =

A

Nucleoside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Base + Sugar + Phosphate =

A

Nucleotide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Nucleosides containing ribose are known as

A

ribonucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Nucleosides containing deoxyribose are known as deoxyribonucleotides

A

deoxyribonucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 3 components of a nucleotide

A

Deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

 The nitrogen-containing rings of nucleotides

A

Nitrogenous Bases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the two categories of Nitrogenous Bases

A

Pyrimidines, Purines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

 have a six-membered pyrimidine ring
 Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil (for RNA)

A

Pyrimidines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

 Bear a second, five-membered ring fused to the six-membered ring
 Adenine, Guanine

A

Purines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the proper base pairing for DNA

A

A pairs with T
G pairs with C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the proper base pairing for RNA

A

A pairs with U
G pairs with C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what bonds hold the base pairs together

A

Hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

bonds formed between the deoxyribose sugars and the phosphates

A

Phosphodiester bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

 Nucleotides are joined into chains
 This creates a continuous sugar-phosphate
backbone.

A

Polynucleotide Chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

has a free phosphate group

A

5’ end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

has a free hydroxyl group

A

3’ end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The two strands are oriented with opposite
polarities- that is they run antiparallel from each
other this is also known as

A

antiparallelism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The twisting of the two strands together creates a
wider gap called

A

the major groove

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

the narrower gap of two strands is called

A

the minor groove

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

important binding sites for CHONS that maintain DNA and regulate gene activity

A

grooves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

thread-like structures inside the nucleus of a cell where DNA is packaged

A

Chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

segments of DNA that contain the instructions for making a particular protein

A

Genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

large excess interspersed DNA

A

junk DNA

33
Q

the bead part of chromatin

A

nucleosome

34
Q
  • The first and most fundamental level of chromatin
    packing
    *contains:
    1. Core particle
    2. Linker DNA
A

Nucleosome

35
Q

Links nucleosome core particles

A

Linker DNA

36
Q

DNA strand (147 nucleotides long) wrapped around a protein core of histone octamer
(composed of 8 histone proteins)

A

Core Particle

37
Q

helps pull nucleosomes together and pack them into a more compact chromatin fiber

A

Histone H1

38
Q

brings together parts of the DNA sequence within the same long DNA molecule to form the overall “loop-ome” structure

A

CTCF

39
Q

protein machines that use the energy
of ATP hydrolysis to change the position of the DNA wrapped around nucleosomes, making the DNA either more accessible or less accessible to other proteins in the cell

A

Chromatin-remodeling complexes

40
Q
  • the most highly condensed form of interphase chromatin
  • about 10% of an interphase chromosome
  • concentrated around the centromere region and in the telomeres
A

Heterochromatin

41
Q
  • Has more decondensed state than heterochromatin
A

Euchromatin

42
Q
  • Aggregate of DNA and histone proteins
  • Makes up a eukaryotic chromosome
A

Chromatin

43
Q
  • Longitudinal subunit produced by chromosome
    replication
A

Chromatid

44
Q
  • AKA primary constriction
  • Constricted non-staining portion of a chromosome
A

Centromere

45
Q
  • Tip of a chromosome
  • Contains a DNA sequence required for stability of
    chromosome ends
A

Telomere

46
Q
  • Short arm of the chromosome
  • p for “petite”
A

p arm

47
Q
  • Long arm of the chromosome
  • q for “not-p” or queue (french for tail)
A

q arm

48
Q
  • Centromere is at the center
  • Both arms are of equal length
A

Metacentric

49
Q
  • Centromere is slightly offset from the center
  • Both arms are slightly asymmetrical
A

Submetacentric

50
Q
  • Centromere is severely offset from the center
  • One very long and one very short arm
A

Acrocentric

51
Q
  • Centromere is at the very end of the chromosome
  • Doesn’t exist in humans
A

Telocentric

52
Q
  • lacks a centromere
A

Acentric

53
Q
  • has 2 centromeres
A

Dicentric

54
Q

permit smaller segments of each chromosome arm to be identified
* The cytogenetic bands count from the
centromere out toward the telomeres

A

G-bands

55
Q
  • Process by which a copy of a DNA molecule is made
  • Must occur before cell can divide to produce 2 identical daughter cells
  • Produces two complete double helices from the original DNA molecule
  • Duplication rate is as high as 1000 nucleotides/second
A

DNA Replication

56
Q

 the parent DNA molecule remains intact after being copied and the daughter molecule would contain two entirely new
DNA

A

Conservative

57
Q

 DNA replication proceeds through a series of breaks and reunions; the resulting copies would be patchwork collections of old and new DNA

A

Dispersive

58
Q

 Each parent strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a new daughter strand; the resulting helices each contains one strand from the original parent in addition to one newly synthesized strand

A

Semi-conservative

59
Q

3 steps of DNA replication

A

Initiation, Elongation, Termination

60
Q

pries the 2 DNA strands apart, breaking the hydrogen bonds between the bases

A

DNA Helicase

61
Q

Y-shaped junctions where DNA synthesis occurs

A

Replication forks

62
Q

prevent the separated strands from re-forming base pairs

A

Single-strand DNA-binding proteins

63
Q

catalyzes the addition of nucleotides to a growing DNA strand using the original parent strand as template

A

DNA polymerase

64
Q

is made up of a short chain of RNA that serves as a starting point for DNA polymerase

A

Primer

65
Q

is an RNA polymerase that synthesizes the RNA primer

A

Primase

66
Q
  • Strand that grows in the normal 5’ to 3’ direction
  • DNA strand is synthesized continuously
  • RNA primer is needed only to start replication at a replication origin
A

Leading strand

67
Q
  • Strand that appears to grow in the incorrect 3ʹ-to 5ʹ direction
  • Backstitching imparts slight delay to the synthesis
A

Lagging strand

68
Q

DNA is made discontinuously in successive, separate, small pieces of DNA called

A

Okazaki fragments

69
Q

– Degrades RNA

A

Nuclease

70
Q

– Replaces the degraded RNA with DNA

A

Repair polymerase

71
Q

– Joins one DNA fragment to adjacent DNA fragment

A

DNA ligase

72
Q

– Relieves tension on the other side of the replication fork made from the unwinding of the replication fork

A

DNA topoisomerases

73
Q

– keeps DNA polymerase firmly attached to the template while it is synthesizing new strands of DNA

A

Sliding Clamp

74
Q

– Facilitates assembly of sliding clamp around DNA

A

Clamp loader

75
Q

A purine base from a nucleotide is removed giving rise to lesions that resemble missing teeth

A

Depurination

76
Q

Spontaneous loss of an amino group from a
cytosine in DNA to produce the base uracil

A

Deamination

77
Q

promotes covalent linkage between two adjacent pyrimidine bases

A

UV Radiation

78
Q
  • “Clean” the broken ends and rejoin them by DNA ligation.
  • Rapidly repairs the damage but nucleotides are often lost at the site of repair
A

Nonhomologous end joining

79
Q
  • Flawless repair of the double-strand break, with no loss of genetic information
  • Most handy DNA repair mechanism available to the cell
A

Homologous Recombination

CYTOGENETICS (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions