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CYTOGENETICS > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Basic functional unit of life

A

The Cell

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2
Q

o aka body cells
o have two copies of the genome
(except mature RBC’s) and are said
to be diploid (2n)

A

Somatic cell

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3
Q

o Aka sex cells (sperm and egg cells)
o have one copy of the genome and
are haploid (1n or n)

A

Germ cells

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4
Q

o Give rise to differentiated cells and to other stem cells (self-renewal)
o Diploid

A

Stem cells

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5
Q

Tight cell layers form linings that
protect, secrete, absorb, and excrete

A

Epithelium

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5
Q

transmit information as electrochemical impulses that coordinate movement and also sense and respond to
environmental stimuli; neuroglia support and
nourish neurons

A

Nervous Neurons

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6
Q

A variety of cell types
and surrounding materials protect, support, bind to cells, and fill spaces throughout the body; include cartilage, bone, blood, and fat

A

Connective tissues

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7
Q

provide energy and contribute to cell structure

A

Carbohydrates

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8
Q

form the contractile fibers, clot formation and enzymatic reaction

A

Proteins

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8
Q

basis of some hormones, provide insulation, energy storage and formation of membranes

A

Lipids

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9
Q

translate information from past generations to new cells that give its characteristics. They are the most important
macromolecules to the study of genetics

A

Nucleic Acids

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10
Q

carry out the activities of life in the cell; divide the labor by partitioning off certain areas or serving specific functions

A

Organelles

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11
Q

 The most prominent organelle of most cells
 Contains the DNA within the cell

A

Nucleus

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12
Q

surrounds the nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope

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13
Q

biochemicals can exit or enter the nucleus through them

A

Nuclear pores

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14
Q

mechanical support; holds the nuclear pores in place

A

Nuclear lamina

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15
Q

“little nucleus”; darkened area
inside the nucleus (when viewed under the
microscope); site of ribosome synthesis

A

Nucleolus

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16
Q

the fluid in the nucleus

A

Nucleoplasm

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17
Q

Remainder of the cell between the nucleus
and the cell membrane

A

Cytoplasm

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18
Q

the aqueous component of the
cytoplasm of a cell, within which various
organelles and particles are suspended

A

Cytosol

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19
Q

 Quality control center of the cell
 Winds from the nuclear envelope outward to
the plasma membrane, forming a vast tubular
network that transports molecules from one
part of a cell to another

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

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20
Q

o Studded with ribosomes
o Starting point of protein synthesis

A

Rough ER

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21
Q

o Fewer ribosomes
o Lipid synthesis

A

Smooth ER

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22
Q

 lipid made, membrane bound, saclike
organelles
 pinch off from the tubular endings of the ER
to form sacs for transport of substances
within the cell

A

Vesicles

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23
Q

 column of four to six interconnected flat,
membrane-enclosed sacs

A

Golgi apparatus

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24
Q

What are the formulas and products for sugar synthesis

A

o Sugar + Lipid = Glycolipid
o Sugar + Protein = Glycoprotein

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25
Q

Vesicles that bud from one cell and then
travel to, merge with, and empty their
contents into other cells (the opposite is true
for endosomes)

A

Exosomes

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26
Q

 “suicide sac”
 membrane- bound sacs that contain
enzymes able to degrade bacteria, worn- out
organelles and others such as cholesterol

A

Lysosomes

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27
Q

“eating self”- ability of the cell to dispose of its own remnants

A

Autophagy

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28
Q

 Sacs with single outer membrane, filled with
enzymes
 catalyze reaction that
breakdown certain lipids and rare
biochemical, synthesize bile acids used in fat
digestion and detoxify compound that result
from exposure to oxygen free radicals

A

Peroxisomes

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29
Q

 “Powerhouse of the Cell”
 provide energy by breaking the chemical
bonds that hold together the nutrient
molecules in food

A

Mitochondrion

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30
Q

– source of energy of the cell

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

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31
Q

– hold the enzymes that catalyze the biochemical reactions that release energy

A

Cristae

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32
Q

 meshwork of protein rods and tubules that
serves as the cell’s architecture, positioning
organelles and providing the overall 3-
dimensional shapes

A

Cytoskeleton

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33
Q

o Made up of tubulin
o Cellular organization, communication between cells
o form hairlike structures called cilia, that propels substances

A

Microtubules

34
Q

o Made up of actin
o narrower than microtubules
o enable cells to withstand stretching and compression, and help anchor one cell to another.

A

Microfilaments

35
Q

o composed of different types of proteins
o have diameters intermediate between those of microtubules and microfilaments

A

Intermediate Filaments

36
Q

 Completely surrounds the cell
 It is a double layer (bilayer) of molecules
called phospholipids
 Monitors the movements of molecules in and
out of the cell

A

Plasma Membrane

37
Q

 The phosphate end of a phospholipid is
attracted to water, and thus is __________

A

hydrophilic (“water loving”)

38
Q

The other end, which consists of two chains
of fatty acids, moves away from water, and is
therefore

A

hydrophobic (“water fearing”)

39
Q

are embedded in the phospholipid
bilayer of biological membranes.

A

Proteins

40
Q

what kind of transport does not require energy

A

Passive Membrane Transport

41
Q

what kind of transport requires energy, usually in the form of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

Active Membrane Transport

42
Q

A series of events called the _______ describes the
sequence of activities as a cell prepares for and
undergoes division.

A

cell cycle

43
Q

 Cell continues the basic biochemical
functions of life, while also replicating its DNA
and some organelles.

A

Interphase

44
Q

o cell resumes synthesis of proteins,
lipids, and carbohydrates
o it is the period of the cell cycle that
varies the most in duration among
different cell types

A

G1 phase

45
Q

– a cell can exit the cell cycle at
G1 to enter a quiet phase

A

G0

45
Q

o synthesis of biochemicals for
microtubule formation

A

G2 phase

45
Q

o Synthesis phase
o DNA replication

A

S phase

46
Q

Each chromosome consists of two
copies of the genome joined at an
area called the

A

centromere

46
Q

Microtubules form structures called
centrioles that join with other
proteins and are oriented at right
angles to each other, forming paired,
oblong structures called ___________

A

centrosomes

47
Q

Microtubules form structures called __________ that join with other proteins and are oriented at right
angles to each other, forming paired,
oblong structures called
centrosomes

A

centrioles

48
Q

Long strands of chromosomal material in replicated
chromosomes

A

chromatids

49
Q

attached at a centromere

A

sister chromatids

50
Q

 DNA coils tightly
 Chromosomes condense
 Microtubules assemble
 Nuclear membrane breaks down
 Nucleolus is no longer visible.

A

Prophase

50
Q

What are the four stages of mitosis

A

 Prophase
 Metaphase
 Anaphase
 Telophase

51
Q

 Chromosomes attach to the spindle at their
centromeres and align along the center of the
cell, which is called the equator

A

Metaphase

52
Q

 Centromeres part
 Chromatid from each pair move to opposite
ends of the cell.

A

Anaphase

52
Q

 Mitotic spindle falls apart
 Nucleoli and the membranes around the
nuclei re-form at each end of the elongated
cell

A

Telophase

53
Q

microfilament band contracts
like a drawstring, separating the newly formed cells. Apportions contents to daughter cells.

A

Cytokinesis

54
Q

The cell cycle is tightly controlled and regulated
at several ___________

A

checkpoints

55
Q

temporarily pauses the cell cycle while special proteins
repair damaged DNA.

A

DNA Damage Checkpoints

56
Q

turns on as mitosis begins. During this checkpoint, proteins called survivins override signals telling the
cell to die, so that mitosis (division) rather
than apoptosis (death) occurs.

A

“Apoptosis checkpoint”

57
Q

oversees construction of the spindle and the binding of
chromosomes to it

A

“Spindle assembly checkpoint”

58
Q

a cellular clock that limits the number of divisions. Its length determines how many more times mitosis will
occur.

A

Telomere (chromosome tip)

59
Q

Some cells (eggs, sperm, bone marrow cells, cancer cells ) have ______ that keeps chromosome tips long

A

telomerase

60
Q

within cells ______ and ______ activate genes whose products carry out mitosis

A

kinases and cyclins

61
Q

Disruption of the balance between cell division
and cell death can lead to ____

A

cancer

62
Q

a form of cell death associated with inflammation and damage, rather
than an orderly, contained destruction

A

Necrosis

63
Q

Gametes form from special cells, called germline
cells, in a type of cell division called _________

A

meiosis

64
Q

if gametes have only ONE of each type of
chromosome (23 chromosomes) they are considered______

A

haploid

65
Q

if gametes have TWO copies of each
chromosome type (23 pairs of
chromosomes for a total of 46
chromosomes) they are considered ______

A

diploid

66
Q
  • halves the chromosome number (46 divided by 2 = 23)
A

Meiosis I

67
Q

mitotically divides each of the two cells, yielding four haploid cells.

A

Meiosis II

68
Q

Chromosomes condense

A

Prophase I

69
Q

homologous pairs of chromosomes line up next to one another in an event called _______

A

synapsis

70
Q

Homologs exchange parts, in a process known as ______

A

crossing over

71
Q

Homologs align down randomly at the center
of the cell.

A

Metaphase I

72
Q

the fate of a gene on one chromosome is not influenced by a gene on a different chromosome

A

independent assortment

73
Q

Homologs separate

A

Anaphase I

74
Q

Homologs move to opposite poles. Unlike in mitosis, the centromeres of each homolog in meiosis I remain together

A

Telophase I

75
Q

During a second interphase, chromosomes unfold
into thin threads. Proteins are manufactured, but DNA is not replicated a second time

A

Meiosis II

76
Q

Chromosomes are again condensed and visible.

A

Prophase II

77
Q

Replicated chromosomes align down the center
of the cell.

A

Metaphase II

78
Q

The centromeres part, and the newly formed chromosomes, each now in the unreplicated form, move to opposite poles.

A

Anaphase II

79
Q

Nuclear envelopes form around the four nuclei,
which then separate into individual cells.

A

Telophase II

80
Q

may enable a population to survive an environmental
challenge.

A

genetic diversity

CYTOGENETICS (6 decks)

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