Module 5 Flashcards
occurs when a piece of a chromosome breaks off and is lost
Deletion
occurs when a broken piece from one chromosome becomes attached to a different , nonhomologous chromosome.
Translocation
is a type of chromosomal abnormality in which a chromosome becomes longer because it ends up with two copies of a particular chromosome fragment
Duplication
extra chromosomes causes
Down Syndrome
code for genetic traits and are located on chromosomes
Genes
is the genetic material
DNA
photographed DNA for the first time. From this, we were able to see DNAs double helix structure.
Rosalind Franklin
is a nucleic acids composed of two strands of polynucleotides twisted to form a double helix
DNA
the sugar combines with a phosphate group and a base compound to form
Nucleotides
- Adenine 2. Cytosine 3. Guanine 4. Thymine
Four Bases in Nucleotides
two parallel strands of DNA are connected by hydrogen bonds that link the nucleotide __
Base Pairs
the duplication of a DNA molecule
DNA replication
Occurs so there are now two new DNA double helices
Semiconservative Rep;ication
artificial DNA replication
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PRC)
separates DNA fragments on basis of their sizes
Gel electrophoresis
DNA is cut info fragments using
restriction enzymes
result from a fertilized egg splitting
Identical twins
result from two eggs being released at the same time
Fraternal twins
is single stranded, uses ribose as it sugar, instead of deoxyribose, uses the base of uracil (U) instead of thymine(T)
RNA
the conversation of DNA-based sequence of nucleotides in a gene to an RNA-based sequence called
Transcription
after the RNA is transcribed, specific sections are cut out and the strand is reassembles into what is then called
mRNA
The process by which ribosomes convert the genetic information in mRNA into proteins is known as
Translation
are sets of 3 nucleotides that tell the ribosomes which amino acid to add
Codons
is making proteins based on instructions provided by the mRNA
Translation
translate the mRNA into proteins by strining amino acids together
Ribsomes
Three types of mutations
- Insertions 2. Deletions 3. Subsitutions
occurs when one substituted for another in a DNA sequence
Sub situations Mutation
alter the protein so extensively that they invariably destroy the normal function of the protein and produce a severe phenotype
Frame shift Mutation
Causes no change in the structure of the protein, and therefore no change in the phenotype of the organism
Silent Mutation
used to disguise the virus and allows the virus to attach to host cells
Envelope Protein
is a phospholipid bilayer
Envelope
protects DNA/RNA
Nucleocapsid
Train the immune system to recognize viruses so that they can be destroyed
Vaccines
manufacture envelope proteins for injection
Traditional vaccines
mRNA Vaccines
Allows the daughter cells to become specialized
is the manifestation of the information encoded in a gene as a specific phenotype
Gene expression
are sections of a gene that function as an on/off switch for transcription
play an essential role in the maintenance of cellular activities in all kinds of cells and have been history
Housekeeping genes
Enables organisms to change which genes they express in response to internal signals from inside the body or external cues in the environment
Gene Regulation
is the part of a gene that controls gene transcription with the help of gene regulatory proteins
Regulatory DNA
single promoter controlling transcription of a cluster of genes with related functions
Oper
Phenotypic Plasticity
Change in gene expression due to environmental influences
Is DNA that does not code for any kind of functional RNA
Noncoding DNA
are non coding sections interspersed with the coding regions of a gene or exons
Introns
uses a ribosome like structure
Reverse Transcriptase
