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Biology > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

:polymers of the 20 amino acid monomers.
* Are the most numerous and versatile of the four bio molecules.
* Contain nitrogen

A

Protein

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2
Q

the next-most-versatile bio molecules
* Are simple monomer sugars and polymers of simple sugars

A

Carbohydrate

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3
Q
  • “Reads” RNA to make proteins.
  • Found in both Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes.
  • Not technically an organelle.
A

Ribosomes

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4
Q

large bio molecules that play essential roles in all cells and viruses.

A

Nucleic Acid

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5
Q

fourth category of biomolecules, better known as fats,
oils, and sterols
* Diverse group made up of combinations of hydrocarbons, fatty acids,
and/or glycerol molecules
* Are not polymers because their structure is not composed of a chain
of monomers

A

Lipid

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6
Q

When electrons are unequally shared between atoms,
partial electrical charges result within a molecule
The uneven distribution of electrical charges make one end of the
molecule slightly negative and the other end slightly positive

A

Polar Molecule

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7
Q

are not soluble in water
because water molecules cannot surround them in a
hydrogen-bonded network

A

Non Polar Molecule

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8
Q

Molecules that do not associate with water

A

Hydrophobic

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9
Q

Ions and polar molecules associate with water
molecules (are water-loving)

A

Hydrophollicc

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10
Q

A type of glyceride called a phospholipid is an important
component in cell membranes
* Phospholipids are made up of two hydrophobic fatty acid tails
bonded to a hydrophilic head containing a glycerol and a
phosphate group

A

Phospholipid

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11
Q

When exposed to water, phospholipids form a
phospholipid bilayer, with the hydrophilic heads facing
outward and the hydrophobic tails tucked into the
interior of the bilayer

A

Phospholipid bilayer

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12
Q

Deliver usable “on demand” energy.

A

Energy Carriers

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13
Q

One of the unifying principles of biology Consists of two main parts:
1. Every living organism is composed of one or more cells.
2. All cells living today came from a preexisting cell.

A

Cell Theory

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14
Q

are single-celled organisms lacking a nucleus and complex internal compartments.

A

Prokaryotic

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15
Q
  • Have true nuclei surrounded by a membrane
    Is Multi-cellular
A

Eukaryotic

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16
Q

are lipid bilayer, membrane enclosed internal compartments.
* They concentrate and organize cellular chemical reactions.

A

Organelles

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17
Q

Substances move into the cells

A

Endoocytosis

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18
Q

Substances move out of the cells

A

Extocytosis

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19
Q

is a membrane protein
that allows for the passive transport
of water, across the hydrophobic lipid
bilayer.

A

Aquaporin

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20
Q

are proteins used to move molecules AGAINST the concentration gradient (from low concentration to high concentration

A

Sodium-Potassium Pumps

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21
Q

a network of protein
cylinders and filaments

A

Cytoskeleton

22
Q

a lipid bilayer membrane network continuous with the nuclear envelope.

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

23
Q

a lipid bilayer, membrane-enclosed packaging center that directs protein and lipid products from the ER to other membranes

A

Golgi Apparatus

24
Q

use chemical reactions to transform carbohydrates into ATP in a process called cellular respiration.

A

Mitochondria

25
Q

capture energy from sunlight
and use it to manufacture sugar
molecules via photosynthesis

A

Chloroplasts

26
Q

the control center of the cell
* Contains chromosomes made of
proteins and DNA

A

Nucleus

27
Q

Eukaryotes carry two copies of each type of
chromosome; together the two copies make up a pair of
homologous chromosomes

A

Autosomes

28
Q

is the generation of daughter cells from a parent cell

A

Cell Division

29
Q

is what prokaryotic organisms use to reproduce
is asexual reproduction

A

Binary Fission

30
Q

a sequence of events that makes up the life of a typical eukaryotic
cell

A

Cell Cycle

31
Q

90% of a cell’s life
* When the cell does what it normally does
* Gets ready for cell division

A

Interphase

32
Q
  • First phase in a newly divided cell * Usually the longest phase
  • Gets ready for DNA replication
A

G1 Phase

33
Q
  • DNA is replicated. * At the end of the S phase, the cell now
    has twice as much DNA as normal.
A

S phase

34
Q

After S phase but before cell division
* Gets ready for cell division

A

G2 Phase

35
Q

Nonreplication phase

A

G0 Phase

36
Q

ensure that the cell cycle does not progress if conditions are not suitable for cell division.

A

Cell Cycle Checkpoints

37
Q

any cell that does not go
though meiosis or is a result of meiosis

A

Somatic Cells

38
Q

What is Mitosis for?

A

It is for maintenance , growth, repair and development

39
Q

What is Meiosis for?

A

It is for sexual reproduction

40
Q

is the process in eukaryotes that generates two genetically identical daughter cells from a
single parent cell

A

Mitotic Division

41
Q

What are the four main phrases of mitosis

A
  1. Prophase 2. Metaphase. 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase
42
Q

Divison of the rest of the cell

A

Cytokinesis

43
Q

The Nuclear Envelope disassembles and the Mitotic Spindle Captures the Replicated Chromosomes by the End of Late Pro phase

A

Pro phase

44
Q

Chromosomes align in the center of the cell

A

Meta Phase

45
Q

Chromatids are pulled apart

A

Ana Phase

46
Q

Nuclear envelopes begin to form around the two new sets of chromosomes at each end of the cell.

A

Telo phase

47
Q

is the process of dividing the
parent cell’s cytoplasm to produce two daughter cells.

A

Cytoknesis

48
Q

a single diploid cell

A

Zygote

49
Q

cells (2n) have 2 copies of each chromosome.

A

Diploid

50
Q

cells (n) have one copy of each chromosome.

A

Haploid

Biology (12 decks)

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