Module 2 Flashcards
:polymers of the 20 amino acid monomers.
* Are the most numerous and versatile of the four bio molecules.
* Contain nitrogen
Protein
the next-most-versatile bio molecules
* Are simple monomer sugars and polymers of simple sugars
Carbohydrate
- “Reads” RNA to make proteins.
- Found in both Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes.
- Not technically an organelle.
Ribosomes
large bio molecules that play essential roles in all cells and viruses.
Nucleic Acid
fourth category of biomolecules, better known as fats,
oils, and sterols
* Diverse group made up of combinations of hydrocarbons, fatty acids,
and/or glycerol molecules
* Are not polymers because their structure is not composed of a chain
of monomers
Lipid
When electrons are unequally shared between atoms,
partial electrical charges result within a molecule
The uneven distribution of electrical charges make one end of the
molecule slightly negative and the other end slightly positive
Polar Molecule
are not soluble in water
because water molecules cannot surround them in a
hydrogen-bonded network
Non Polar Molecule
Molecules that do not associate with water
Hydrophobic
Ions and polar molecules associate with water
molecules (are water-loving)
Hydrophollicc
A type of glyceride called a phospholipid is an important
component in cell membranes
* Phospholipids are made up of two hydrophobic fatty acid tails
bonded to a hydrophilic head containing a glycerol and a
phosphate group
Phospholipid
When exposed to water, phospholipids form a
phospholipid bilayer, with the hydrophilic heads facing
outward and the hydrophobic tails tucked into the
interior of the bilayer
Phospholipid bilayer
Deliver usable “on demand” energy.
Energy Carriers
One of the unifying principles of biology Consists of two main parts:
1. Every living organism is composed of one or more cells.
2. All cells living today came from a preexisting cell.
Cell Theory
are single-celled organisms lacking a nucleus and complex internal compartments.
Prokaryotic
- Have true nuclei surrounded by a membrane
Is Multi-cellular
Eukaryotic
are lipid bilayer, membrane enclosed internal compartments.
* They concentrate and organize cellular chemical reactions.
Organelles
Substances move into the cells
Endoocytosis
Substances move out of the cells
Extocytosis
is a membrane protein
that allows for the passive transport
of water, across the hydrophobic lipid
bilayer.
Aquaporin
are proteins used to move molecules AGAINST the concentration gradient (from low concentration to high concentration
Sodium-Potassium Pumps
a network of protein
cylinders and filaments
Cytoskeleton
a lipid bilayer membrane network continuous with the nuclear envelope.
Endoplasmic reticulum
a lipid bilayer, membrane-enclosed packaging center that directs protein and lipid products from the ER to other membranes
Golgi Apparatus
use chemical reactions to transform carbohydrates into ATP in a process called cellular respiration.
Mitochondria
capture energy from sunlight
and use it to manufacture sugar
molecules via photosynthesis
Chloroplasts
the control center of the cell
* Contains chromosomes made of
proteins and DNA
Nucleus
Eukaryotes carry two copies of each type of
chromosome; together the two copies make up a pair of
homologous chromosomes
Autosomes
is the generation of daughter cells from a parent cell
Cell Division
is what prokaryotic organisms use to reproduce
is asexual reproduction
Binary Fission
a sequence of events that makes up the life of a typical eukaryotic
cell
Cell Cycle
90% of a cell’s life
* When the cell does what it normally does
* Gets ready for cell division
Interphase
- First phase in a newly divided cell * Usually the longest phase
- Gets ready for DNA replication
G1 Phase
- DNA is replicated. * At the end of the S phase, the cell now
has twice as much DNA as normal.
S phase
After S phase but before cell division
* Gets ready for cell division
G2 Phase
Nonreplication phase
G0 Phase
ensure that the cell cycle does not progress if conditions are not suitable for cell division.
Cell Cycle Checkpoints
any cell that does not go
though meiosis or is a result of meiosis
Somatic Cells
What is Mitosis for?
It is for maintenance , growth, repair and development
What is Meiosis for?
It is for sexual reproduction
is the process in eukaryotes that generates two genetically identical daughter cells from a
single parent cell
Mitotic Division
What are the four main phrases of mitosis
- Prophase 2. Metaphase. 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase
Divison of the rest of the cell
Cytokinesis
The Nuclear Envelope disassembles and the Mitotic Spindle Captures the Replicated Chromosomes by the End of Late Pro phase
Pro phase
Chromosomes align in the center of the cell
Meta Phase
Chromatids are pulled apart
Ana Phase
Nuclear envelopes begin to form around the two new sets of chromosomes at each end of the cell.
Telo phase
is the process of dividing the
parent cell’s cytoplasm to produce two daughter cells.
Cytoknesis
a single diploid cell
Zygote
cells (2n) have 2 copies of each chromosome.
Diploid
cells (n) have one copy of each chromosome.
Haploid
