Module 5 Flashcards
Examples of infectious diseases
cold, AIDS, TB, food poisoning
Examples of degenerative diseases
muscular dystrophy, Alzheimer’s, osteoarthritis
Examples of metabolic diseases
diabetes
Examples of nutritional diseases
scurvy (lack of vit c), rickets (lack of vit d), anemia (lack of iron), obesity
examples of immune diseases
AIDS, RA, MS, systemic lupus
(includes allergies and autoimmune disorders)
definition of iatrogenic
disease resulting from adverse effects of treatment
Definition of pathogen
any disease causing micro-organism
Definition of incidence rate
number of new cases during specific time divided by population
Definition of prevalence rate
overall frequency in a given group
Definition of mortality rate
percent of population that dies within a given time period
Definition of epidemic with examples
many people at the same time
ex: influenza, measles, polio
Definition of endemic with example
in lesser extent, but continuously in a particular region
ex: common cold
Definition of pandemic with examples
epidemic that spreads throughout entire country, continent, planet
ex: COVID, black death
Definition of symptom
disease conditions experienced by patient (subjective)
Definition of a sign
objective manifestations that can be measured/observed
Definition of a syndrome
complex disorder with a cluster of symptoms/signs
Definition of naturopathy
helping people heal by living healthy lifestyles
Bacteria (general)
no nucleus/most organelles
requirements for water, temp, O2 vary wildly
reproduce with binary fission
Definition of binary fission
simple cell division
What bacteria produce endospores? with examples
endospores are resistant forms that can tolerate adverse conditions
can become airborne easily
all are bacilli
examples: tetanus, botulism, anthrax
examples of cocci
diplococci (pairs)
streptococci (snake-like)
staphylococci (grapelike clusters)
ex: strep, pneumonia
examples of bacilli
straight, slender rods
ex: tetanus, TB, diphtheria
examples of vibrios
short rods with slight curve
ex: cholera
examples of spirilla
bacteria
long, wave-like (corkscrew)
ex: H. pylori
Rickettsia
obligate intracellular parasite
spreads through insect bites
ex: rocky mountain spotted fever, typhus
examples of spirochetes
capable of waving/twisting
ex: syphilis, Lyme disease
Chlamydia
smaller than rickettsia
obligate intracellular parasite
ex: chlamydia, trachoma (eye infection)
viruses with examples
not cellular, but consist of nucleic acid core and protein coat
obligate intracellular parasites
ex: herpes, influenza, polio, AIDS, Colorado tick fever
fungi
yeasts and molds
“mycotic infections”
ex: tinea, candida, pneumocystis pneumonia
protozoa (general)
single-celled
found in soil and bodies of water
amebas with example
protozoa
propel by extending pseudopod and following
ex: amebic dysentery
ciliates with example
protozoa
covered with cilia that wave to propel
ex: balantidum coli
flagellates with examples
protozoa
flagella propelled
ex:
african sleeping sickness
trichomonas vaginalis
giardia
apicomplexan with examples
protozoa
cannot propel selves
obligate parasites
ex: malaria
prions with examples
smaller and simpler than viruses
made of only proteins
slowly growing and hard to destroy
ex: creutzfeldt-jakob disease, bovine spongiform encephalopathy
parasitic worms (general)
helminths
presence is “infestation”
main classifications: round worms and flat worms
classifications of round worms
ascaris, pinworm, hookworm, filarial
ascaris
type of round worm
many infest in large intestine and can cause blockage
larvae can be found in routine stool exam
found in Asia, but in US in children in warm climates
pinworm
type of round worm
hard to control
found in large intestines, adult female will exit to lay eggs
eggs can be found for several months on surfaces
hook worms
type of round worm
suck blood in small intestine - causes anemia
host becomes susceptible to chronic infections
can be transferred even walking over infected dirt with intact bare feet
filarial
type of round worm
causes filariasis through biting insects
can cause lymphatic filariasis which can cause extreme enlargement (elephantiasis) of breasts, scrotum, etc.
flat worms
can resemble long ribbons or leaves
tapeworms: spread through improperly cooked meat, large intestines
flukes: leaf-like, can infect blood, lungs, liver, intestines
parasitic arthropods
many act as disease vectors
many cause nonfatal but uncomfortable infestations
ex: lice, scabies
can be treated with insecticidal creams
factors contributing to spread of microorganisms
increase in population
disruption of animal habitats
increase in travel
medical advances increasing lifespan
definition of aseptic
condition in which no pathogens are present
sterilization definition and examples
to kill every living microorganism on/within something (exception is prions)
ex: autoclave, dry heat, gas ehylene oxide
remember that endospores need special treatment
disinfectant definition and examples
disinfectants are chemicals that kill most microorganisms
ex: chlorine compounds, phenol compounds, mercury compounds
definition of antiseptic with examples
disinfectant applied to skin/other living surfaces
ex: alcohol, organic iodine solutions, hydrogen peroxide, soap
definition of antimicrobial agents with classifications
drugs that act to kill/inhibit infections microorganisms
1. antibiotic
2. antiviral
3. antiparasitic
4. anthelmintic/vermifuge
antibiotics
substance produced by living cells that has power to kill/arrest growth of bacteria
can lead to opportunistic infections and antibiotic resistance
should encourage full course and less widespread usage
antiviral with classifications
difficult to develop, so very few of them
function to block:
1. attachment of HIV protein to T-cell receptors preventing viral cell entry
2. removal of protein coat after cell entry
3. production/function of viral nucleic acid
4. enzymes needed to assemble/release new viral particles
5. release of viral particles from infected cells
definition of pure culture
large population of identical bacteria
usually obtained through swabbing for isolation and then can be tested for antibiotic resistance
called culture and sensitivity
staining techniques
necessary to view bacteria under microscope
gram stain - gram + purple and gram - pink/red
acid fast stain - + stay red and - turn blue
