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A&P > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of infectious diseases

A

cold, AIDS, TB, food poisoning

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2
Q

Examples of degenerative diseases

A

muscular dystrophy, Alzheimer’s, osteoarthritis

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3
Q

Examples of metabolic diseases

A

diabetes

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4
Q

Examples of nutritional diseases

A

scurvy (lack of vit c), rickets (lack of vit d), anemia (lack of iron), obesity

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5
Q

examples of immune diseases

A

AIDS, RA, MS, systemic lupus
(includes allergies and autoimmune disorders)

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6
Q

definition of iatrogenic

A

disease resulting from adverse effects of treatment

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7
Q

Definition of pathogen

A

any disease causing micro-organism

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8
Q

Definition of incidence rate

A

number of new cases during specific time divided by population

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9
Q

Definition of prevalence rate

A

overall frequency in a given group

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10
Q

Definition of mortality rate

A

percent of population that dies within a given time period

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11
Q

Definition of epidemic with examples

A

many people at the same time
ex: influenza, measles, polio

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12
Q

Definition of endemic with example

A

in lesser extent, but continuously in a particular region
ex: common cold

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13
Q

Definition of pandemic with examples

A

epidemic that spreads throughout entire country, continent, planet
ex: COVID, black death

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14
Q

Definition of symptom

A

disease conditions experienced by patient (subjective)

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15
Q

Definition of a sign

A

objective manifestations that can be measured/observed

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16
Q

Definition of a syndrome

A

complex disorder with a cluster of symptoms/signs

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17
Q

Definition of naturopathy

A

helping people heal by living healthy lifestyles

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18
Q

Bacteria (general)

A

no nucleus/most organelles
requirements for water, temp, O2 vary wildly
reproduce with binary fission

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19
Q

Definition of binary fission

A

simple cell division

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20
Q

What bacteria produce endospores? with examples

A

endospores are resistant forms that can tolerate adverse conditions
can become airborne easily
all are bacilli
examples: tetanus, botulism, anthrax

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21
Q

examples of cocci

A

diplococci (pairs)
streptococci (snake-like)
staphylococci (grapelike clusters)
ex: strep, pneumonia

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22
Q

examples of bacilli

A

straight, slender rods
ex: tetanus, TB, diphtheria

23
Q

examples of vibrios

A

short rods with slight curve
ex: cholera

24
Q

examples of spirilla

A

bacteria
long, wave-like (corkscrew)
ex: H. pylori

25
Q

Rickettsia

A

obligate intracellular parasite
spreads through insect bites
ex: rocky mountain spotted fever, typhus

25
Q

examples of spirochetes

A

capable of waving/twisting
ex: syphilis, Lyme disease

26
Q

Chlamydia

A

smaller than rickettsia
obligate intracellular parasite
ex: chlamydia, trachoma (eye infection)

27
Q

viruses with examples

A

not cellular, but consist of nucleic acid core and protein coat
obligate intracellular parasites
ex: herpes, influenza, polio, AIDS, Colorado tick fever

28
Q

fungi

A

yeasts and molds
“mycotic infections”
ex: tinea, candida, pneumocystis pneumonia

29
Q

protozoa (general)

A

single-celled
found in soil and bodies of water

30
Q

amebas with example

A

protozoa
propel by extending pseudopod and following
ex: amebic dysentery

31
Q

ciliates with example

A

protozoa
covered with cilia that wave to propel
ex: balantidum coli

32
Q

flagellates with examples

A

protozoa
flagella propelled
ex:
african sleeping sickness
trichomonas vaginalis
giardia

33
Q

apicomplexan with examples

A

protozoa
cannot propel selves
obligate parasites
ex: malaria

34
Q

prions with examples

A

smaller and simpler than viruses
made of only proteins
slowly growing and hard to destroy
ex: creutzfeldt-jakob disease, bovine spongiform encephalopathy

35
Q

parasitic worms (general)

A

helminths
presence is “infestation”
main classifications: round worms and flat worms

36
Q

classifications of round worms

A

ascaris, pinworm, hookworm, filarial

37
Q

ascaris

A

type of round worm
many infest in large intestine and can cause blockage
larvae can be found in routine stool exam
found in Asia, but in US in children in warm climates

38
Q

pinworm

A

type of round worm
hard to control
found in large intestines, adult female will exit to lay eggs
eggs can be found for several months on surfaces

39
Q

hook worms

A

type of round worm
suck blood in small intestine - causes anemia
host becomes susceptible to chronic infections
can be transferred even walking over infected dirt with intact bare feet

40
Q

filarial

A

type of round worm
causes filariasis through biting insects
can cause lymphatic filariasis which can cause extreme enlargement (elephantiasis) of breasts, scrotum, etc.

41
Q

flat worms

A

can resemble long ribbons or leaves
tapeworms: spread through improperly cooked meat, large intestines
flukes: leaf-like, can infect blood, lungs, liver, intestines

42
Q

parasitic arthropods

A

many act as disease vectors
many cause nonfatal but uncomfortable infestations
ex: lice, scabies
can be treated with insecticidal creams

43
Q

factors contributing to spread of microorganisms

A

increase in population
disruption of animal habitats
increase in travel
medical advances increasing lifespan

44
Q

definition of aseptic

A

condition in which no pathogens are present

45
Q

sterilization definition and examples

A

to kill every living microorganism on/within something (exception is prions)
ex: autoclave, dry heat, gas ehylene oxide
remember that endospores need special treatment

46
Q

disinfectant definition and examples

A

disinfectants are chemicals that kill most microorganisms
ex: chlorine compounds, phenol compounds, mercury compounds

47
Q

definition of antiseptic with examples

A

disinfectant applied to skin/other living surfaces
ex: alcohol, organic iodine solutions, hydrogen peroxide, soap

48
Q

definition of antimicrobial agents with classifications

A

drugs that act to kill/inhibit infections microorganisms
1. antibiotic
2. antiviral
3. antiparasitic
4. anthelmintic/vermifuge

49
Q

antibiotics

A

substance produced by living cells that has power to kill/arrest growth of bacteria
can lead to opportunistic infections and antibiotic resistance
should encourage full course and less widespread usage

50
Q

antiviral with classifications

A

difficult to develop, so very few of them
function to block:
1. attachment of HIV protein to T-cell receptors preventing viral cell entry
2. removal of protein coat after cell entry
3. production/function of viral nucleic acid
4. enzymes needed to assemble/release new viral particles
5. release of viral particles from infected cells

51
Q

definition of pure culture

A

large population of identical bacteria
usually obtained through swabbing for isolation and then can be tested for antibiotic resistance
called culture and sensitivity

52
Q

staining techniques

A

necessary to view bacteria under microscope
gram stain - gram + purple and gram - pink/red
acid fast stain - + stay red and - turn blue

A&P (10 decks)

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