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A&P > Chapter 19 > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Flashcards

1
Q

Mesentary peritoneum

A

“fan-shaped” attached to posterior abdominal wall and expanding along edge of small intestine
has nerves and vessels between 2 layers

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2
Q

Deglutition

A

moves controlled amounts of food toward throat to be swallowed

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3
Q

Deciduous teeth

A

“baby teeth” about 20

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4
Q

Dentin

A

main substance of tooth; calcified substance harder than bone

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5
Q

cementum

A

rigid connective tissue helping to hold root of tooth in place

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6
Q

periodontal ligament

A

connective tissue sheet that joins cementum to tooth socket

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7
Q

esophageal hiatus

A

opening in diaphragm for passage of esophagus; causes weak point

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8
Q

segmentation

A

rhythmic contractions causing food to mix with gastric juices

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9
Q

4 layers of the digestive tract

A
  1. mucous membrane (mucosa)
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis externa
  4. serous membrane (serosa)
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10
Q

what is special about the stomach lining

A

has 3 muscular layers (circular, longitudinal, and inner oblique)
the inner oblique fibers help to grind food and mix with digestive juices

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11
Q

2 sphincters of the stomach

A

lower esophageal (cardiac)
pyloric

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12
Q

2 active portions of gastric juices, functions, and when they are activated/secreted

A
  1. hydrochloric acid (HCl); denature proteins and destroy foreign organisms; produced in anticipation of eating and when food enters stomach
  2. pepsin; protein-digesting enzyme; produced in inactive pepsinogen form and activated upon HCl or pepsin contact
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13
Q

chyme

A

mixture of food, gastric joices, and muicous released into the small intestine

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14
Q

name 2 things the small intestine secretes

A
  1. mucous to protect from acidic chyme
  2. enzymes for final stages of carb/protein digestion
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15
Q

name 3 modifications of small intestine lining for absorption

A
  1. mucosa and submucosa formed into large circular folds
  2. mucosa of each fold are formed into villi (each with their own capillary and lacteal)
  3. each cell of the villi have microvilli (projecting folds of plasma membrane)
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16
Q

teniae

A

surface bands giving puckered appearance to large intestine

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17
Q

name 3 functions of large intestine

A
  1. secretes mucous (no enzymes)
  2. water absorption
  3. bacteria present produce vitamin k and some complex b vitamins which are then absorbed by mucosa
18
Q

function of salivary amylase

A

enzyme in saliva that initiates carbohydrate digestion

19
Q

7 functions of the liver

A
  1. manufacture bile
  2. control blood glucose (insulin and glucagon)
  3. storage (fat, iron, vitamins)
  4. formation of blood plasma proteins (albumin, globulins, clotting factors)
  5. destruction of old RBCs and recycling/elimination of products (bile)
  6. synthesis of urea
  7. detoxification
20
Q

urea synthesis and elimination

A

urea is synthesized in the liver as a waste product of protein metabolism
it is released into the blood and promptly eliminated by the kidneys

21
Q

functions of bile and pathway to duodenum

A

needed for processing of fats
contains bile salts that emulsify fat droplets to be acted on by digestive enzymes
leaves liver through common hepatic duct, joins cystic duct (gallbladder) to form common bile duct, joins pancreatic duct to form hepatopancreatic ampulla (empties into duodenum through hepatopancreatic sphincter)
since this is closed a majority of the time, back up sends excess bile into gallbladder

22
Q

secretions of pancreas

A
  1. insulin/glucagon
  2. enzymes for digestion of fats, proteins, carbs, and nucleic acids (the protein enzymes are inactive and activated by other enzymes in small intestine)
  3. high amounts of sodium bicarbonate to neutralize chyme
23
Q

carbohydrate digestion locations and enzymes

A

mouth and small intestine
pancreatic amylase (small intestine) and maltase, sucrase, and lactase from the small intestine
also salivary amylase

24
Q

protein digestion location and enzymes

A

stomach and small intestine
HCl denatures, pepsin cleaves, trypsin (pancreatic) splits into peptides

25
Q

fat digestion location and enzymes

A

mouth, stomach, small intestine (mostly here)
bile emulsifies, lipase (pancreatic enzyme) digests into fatty acids and monoglycerides
these then diffuse into intestinal cells and repackaged into triglycerides by smooth ER
packaged with proteins into chylomicrons (blood soluble) and absorbed by lacteals
also absorbed here are fat soluble vitamins

26
Q

2 fat soluble vitamins

A

Vitamin D (calciferol)
Vitamin E (tocopherol)

27
Q

chyle

A

mixture of fat and lymph that drains from small intestine

28
Q

hydrolysis

A

process of digestion where water is added to nutrient molecules as they are split by enzymes
each hydrolysis reaction requires a specific enzyme and 1 molecule of H2O

29
Q

gastrin

A

hormone released once food hits the stomach which further increases stomach secretions and motility

30
Q

cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

hormone stimulated by fat/protein presence
CCK stimulates secretion of pancreatic enzymes and bile release

31
Q

secretin

A

hormone released with increased acidity
secretin stimulates pancreas to release bicarbonate and return pH to normal

32
Q

gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

A

hormone released upon increased glucose concentrations
GIP stimulates insulin release to decrease blood glucose in anticipation of glucose absorption from chyme

33
Q

vincent disease

A

gingivitis caused by spirochete or bacillus bacteria
highly contagious

34
Q

parotitis

A

inflammation of parotid glands
contagious form is MUMPS from virus (prevented by MMR vaccine)

35
Q

gastritis

A

inflammation of stomach lining
can be caused by direct or indirect damage (like ASA decreasing mucous production)
chronic form can be caused by H. pylori bacterium

36
Q

diverticula

A

small pouches in wall of intestine caused by low fiber diet
diverticulosis: formation of high numbers of diverticula
can cause diverticulitis (collection of waste/bacteria)

37
Q

intussuseption

A

slipping of part of intestine into adjacent part

38
Q

volvulus

A

twisting of intestine

39
Q

ileus

A

intestinal obstruction caused by lack of peristalsis

40
Q

ghrelin

A

hormone released by empty stomach between meals to stimulate hunger

41
Q

what hormones decrease hunger?

A

CCK, GIP

42
Q

leptin

A

hormone produced by adipocytes
hypothalamus responds by decreasing food intake and increasing energy expenditure (if disrupted, obesity results)

A&P (10 decks)

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