Chapter 23 Flashcards
definition and function of the epididymis
greatly coiled tube for sperm maturation
testes empty into here
travel of ductus deferens including what it joins with
extension of epididymis passing over pubic bone and urinary bladder
widens to form ampulla and joins with seminal vesicle to make ejaculatory duct
ejaculatory ducts paths
pass through prostate gland and empty into urethra
what is the ph and function of semen
ph 7.2-7.8
functions include nourish/transport sperm, neutralize acidity of male urethra and female vaginal tract, lubricate reproductive tract during intercourse, and prevent infection with antibacterial enzymes and antibodies
function of seminal vessicles
twisted tubes attached to posterior urinary bladder
lining produces alkaline secretion with sugars to nourish sperm (called seminal fluid and it makes up most of semen’s volume)
functions of prostate
secretes alkaline substance
muscular tissue contracts to aid semen expulsion
functions of bulbourethral glands
pair of small organs posterior to prostate gland
function to secrete mucus and lubricate urethra/glans penis during stimulation
what tissue forms the glans penis and houses urethra
corpus spongiosum
about how much semen per ejaculation
2-5 mL with 50-150 million sperm per mL
what is housed in the scrotum?
testes, epididymis, proximal portion of ductus deferens
function and containments of the spermatic cord
functions to suspend testes
contains blood/lymph vessels, nerves, and ductus deferens
what cells develop into sperm?
cells in walls of seminiferous tubules
what 3 cells are contained within seminiferous tubules?
- cells that develop into sperm
- sustentacular cells: nurse cells that nourish/protect developing sperm
- specialized interstitial cells: secrete testosterone (needed for sperm development)
acrosome
covers the head of the sperm
contains enzymes to penetrate ovum
what does the head of sperm contain?
nucleus with chromosomes and very little cytosol (NO mitochondria)
function of FSH in MALES
stimulates sustentacular cells to produce growth factors (which promote sperm formation)
function of LH in MALES
stimulates interstitial cells between seminiferous tubules to produce testosterone
what secretes gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and what does it do?
hypothalamus
starts at puberty and triggers release of FSH and LH
what are the 3 functions of testosterone?
development/maintenance of male reproductive accessory organs
development of sperm
development of secondary sex characteristics
what is BPH?
benign prostatic hyperplasia
in nearly all men by age 80; causes symptoms in about 1/2
can put pressure on urethra causing urinary issues
what is cryptorchidism?
failure of testes to descent into scrotum
what is phimosis?
tightness of prepuce
remedied by circumcision
what causes syphilis?
spirochete bacteria treponema pallidum
can cause ulcers and increase AIDS infection chances
what are the broad ligaments of the uterus
peritoneum folds that support/hold uterus in place
also contains blood vessels
fimbriae
extensions of uterine tube opening
create currents in peritoneal fluid to sweep ovum into tube
what is the fornix
small recess in vagina’s superior portion of the cervix
what is the rectouterine pouch and what does it sit next to?
most inferior portion of the peritoneal cavity (narrow passage between uterus and rectum)
adjacent to posterior fornix (can see into rectouterine pouch through thin tissue on vaginal exam)
what is a hymen?
fold of inner membrane sometimes found near vaginal canal opening
what are the greater vestibular glands?
secrete into vestibule for lubrication during intercourse
the vestibule is an area near the vaginal opening
what is the vulva
external genitalia
labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, openings, mons pubis)
what is the mons pubis
pad of fatty tissue over pubic symphysis
what is the difference between perineum and obstetric perineum
perineum is entire pelvic floor
OB perineum is the area between vaginal opening and anus
what is an ovarian follicle and what does it to
small cluster of cells that protect ovum
produce ovarian hormones
located in ovaries
what is the first day of the menstrual cycle?
known as the first day of menstrual flow
definition of ovularion
release of gamete from ovary
separates follicular and luteal phases
describe the preovulatory (follicular) phase
- FSH causes many follicles with ovum to enter maturation
- during maturation, follicle enlarges and fluid accumulates secreting increasing amounts of estrogen and further stimulating growth
- 1 ovum is released and others degenerate
- estrogen flows into blood stream and stimulates uterus to prepare endometrium for pregnancy (endometrium thickens and uterine secretion glands enlarge)
- estrogen reaches high levels and stimulates production of GnRH and LH (FSH and LH levels surge triggering next phase; ovulation)
what are the 2 phases housed in the preovulatory phase
menstruation
proliferative phase
what is the proliferative phase of uterine development
time between menstruation and ovulation
endometrium is growing and FSH and LH levels surge
describe the postovulatory (luteal) phase
- ovulation occurs (about 1 day after LH surge from previous phase)
- LH also causes formation of corpus luteum from ruptured follicle; increasing progesterone levels
- estrogen and progesterone work to continue endometrial growth (and inhibit LH and FSH)
- ovum is traveling through uterine tube for possible fertilization
what is the corpus luteum
structure formed by ruptured follicle influenced by LH
works to secrete estrogen and progesterone
what does progesterone do?
hormone that promotes survival of fertilized ovum/embryo
what cycle is contained within the postovulatory phase
secretory phase of uterine cycle (because secreting estrogen and progesterone)
what causes an ovarian cyst
persistence of corpus luteum
menses
bloody discharge AKA menstrual flow
describe menstruation
- without fertilization, corpus luteum degenerates causing estrogen/progesterone levels to fall
- this triggers endometrium degeneration and menses
- endometrium begins to repair self before menses ends due to low levels of estrogen/progesterone allowing for FSH release (causes new follicles to begin maturation)
what does FSH do in FEMALES?
causes maturation of ovarian follicles
what does LH do in FEMALES?
LH surge is responsible for ovulation
menorrhagia
excessive menstrual flow
metorrhagia
intermenstrual bleeding
mifepristone
drug taken after conception to terminate early pregnancy
(works by blocking progesterone action causing uterine lining to shed)
MUST be taken with prostaglandins to expel tissue
