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A&P > Chapter 23 > Flashcards

Chapter 23 Flashcards

1
Q

definition and function of the epididymis

A

greatly coiled tube for sperm maturation
testes empty into here

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2
Q

travel of ductus deferens including what it joins with

A

extension of epididymis passing over pubic bone and urinary bladder
widens to form ampulla and joins with seminal vesicle to make ejaculatory duct

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3
Q

ejaculatory ducts paths

A

pass through prostate gland and empty into urethra

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4
Q

what is the ph and function of semen

A

ph 7.2-7.8
functions include nourish/transport sperm, neutralize acidity of male urethra and female vaginal tract, lubricate reproductive tract during intercourse, and prevent infection with antibacterial enzymes and antibodies

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5
Q

function of seminal vessicles

A

twisted tubes attached to posterior urinary bladder
lining produces alkaline secretion with sugars to nourish sperm (called seminal fluid and it makes up most of semen’s volume)

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6
Q

functions of prostate

A

secretes alkaline substance
muscular tissue contracts to aid semen expulsion

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7
Q

functions of bulbourethral glands

A

pair of small organs posterior to prostate gland
function to secrete mucus and lubricate urethra/glans penis during stimulation

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8
Q

what tissue forms the glans penis and houses urethra

A

corpus spongiosum

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9
Q

about how much semen per ejaculation

A

2-5 mL with 50-150 million sperm per mL

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10
Q

what is housed in the scrotum?

A

testes, epididymis, proximal portion of ductus deferens

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11
Q

function and containments of the spermatic cord

A

functions to suspend testes
contains blood/lymph vessels, nerves, and ductus deferens

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12
Q

what cells develop into sperm?

A

cells in walls of seminiferous tubules

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13
Q

what 3 cells are contained within seminiferous tubules?

A
  1. cells that develop into sperm
  2. sustentacular cells: nurse cells that nourish/protect developing sperm
  3. specialized interstitial cells: secrete testosterone (needed for sperm development)
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14
Q

acrosome

A

covers the head of the sperm
contains enzymes to penetrate ovum

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15
Q

what does the head of sperm contain?

A

nucleus with chromosomes and very little cytosol (NO mitochondria)

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16
Q

function of FSH in MALES

A

stimulates sustentacular cells to produce growth factors (which promote sperm formation)

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17
Q

function of LH in MALES

A

stimulates interstitial cells between seminiferous tubules to produce testosterone

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18
Q

what secretes gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and what does it do?

A

hypothalamus
starts at puberty and triggers release of FSH and LH

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19
Q

what are the 3 functions of testosterone?

A

development/maintenance of male reproductive accessory organs
development of sperm
development of secondary sex characteristics

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20
Q

what is BPH?

A

benign prostatic hyperplasia
in nearly all men by age 80; causes symptoms in about 1/2
can put pressure on urethra causing urinary issues

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21
Q

what is cryptorchidism?

A

failure of testes to descent into scrotum

22
Q

what is phimosis?

A

tightness of prepuce
remedied by circumcision

23
Q

what causes syphilis?

A

spirochete bacteria treponema pallidum
can cause ulcers and increase AIDS infection chances

24
Q

what are the broad ligaments of the uterus

A

peritoneum folds that support/hold uterus in place
also contains blood vessels

25
Q

fimbriae

A

extensions of uterine tube opening
create currents in peritoneal fluid to sweep ovum into tube

26
Q

what is the fornix

A

small recess in vagina’s superior portion of the cervix

27
Q

what is the rectouterine pouch and what does it sit next to?

A

most inferior portion of the peritoneal cavity (narrow passage between uterus and rectum)
adjacent to posterior fornix (can see into rectouterine pouch through thin tissue on vaginal exam)

28
Q

what is a hymen?

A

fold of inner membrane sometimes found near vaginal canal opening

29
Q

what are the greater vestibular glands?

A

secrete into vestibule for lubrication during intercourse
the vestibule is an area near the vaginal opening

30
Q

what is the vulva

A

external genitalia
labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, openings, mons pubis)

31
Q

what is the mons pubis

A

pad of fatty tissue over pubic symphysis

32
Q

what is the difference between perineum and obstetric perineum

A

perineum is entire pelvic floor
OB perineum is the area between vaginal opening and anus

33
Q

what is an ovarian follicle and what does it to

A

small cluster of cells that protect ovum
produce ovarian hormones
located in ovaries

34
Q

what is the first day of the menstrual cycle?

A

known as the first day of menstrual flow

35
Q

definition of ovularion

A

release of gamete from ovary
separates follicular and luteal phases

36
Q

describe the preovulatory (follicular) phase

A
  • FSH causes many follicles with ovum to enter maturation
  • during maturation, follicle enlarges and fluid accumulates secreting increasing amounts of estrogen and further stimulating growth
  • 1 ovum is released and others degenerate
  • estrogen flows into blood stream and stimulates uterus to prepare endometrium for pregnancy (endometrium thickens and uterine secretion glands enlarge)
  • estrogen reaches high levels and stimulates production of GnRH and LH (FSH and LH levels surge triggering next phase; ovulation)
37
Q

what are the 2 phases housed in the preovulatory phase

A

menstruation
proliferative phase

38
Q

what is the proliferative phase of uterine development

A

time between menstruation and ovulation
endometrium is growing and FSH and LH levels surge

39
Q

describe the postovulatory (luteal) phase

A
  • ovulation occurs (about 1 day after LH surge from previous phase)
  • LH also causes formation of corpus luteum from ruptured follicle; increasing progesterone levels
  • estrogen and progesterone work to continue endometrial growth (and inhibit LH and FSH)
  • ovum is traveling through uterine tube for possible fertilization
40
Q

what is the corpus luteum

A

structure formed by ruptured follicle influenced by LH
works to secrete estrogen and progesterone

41
Q

what does progesterone do?

A

hormone that promotes survival of fertilized ovum/embryo

42
Q

what cycle is contained within the postovulatory phase

A

secretory phase of uterine cycle (because secreting estrogen and progesterone)

43
Q

what causes an ovarian cyst

A

persistence of corpus luteum

44
Q

menses

A

bloody discharge AKA menstrual flow

45
Q

describe menstruation

A
  • without fertilization, corpus luteum degenerates causing estrogen/progesterone levels to fall
  • this triggers endometrium degeneration and menses
  • endometrium begins to repair self before menses ends due to low levels of estrogen/progesterone allowing for FSH release (causes new follicles to begin maturation)
46
Q

what does FSH do in FEMALES?

A

causes maturation of ovarian follicles

47
Q

what does LH do in FEMALES?

A

LH surge is responsible for ovulation

48
Q

menorrhagia

A

excessive menstrual flow

49
Q

metorrhagia

A

intermenstrual bleeding

50
Q

mifepristone

A

drug taken after conception to terminate early pregnancy
(works by blocking progesterone action causing uterine lining to shed)
MUST be taken with prostaglandins to expel tissue

A&P (10 decks)

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