Chapter 22

Question 1

what type of fluid accounts for 2/3-3/4 of all body fluids?

Answer 1

intercellular fluid (cytosol)

Question 2

sodium charge, location, function

Answer 2

most abundant cation in extracellular fluid
maintains osmotic balance, body fluid volume, nn impulse conduction, pH

Question 3

potassium charge, location, function

Answer 3

most abundant cation in intracellular fluid
determines excitability of neurons and muscle cells

Question 4

calcium charge and function

Answer 4

cation
required for bone formation, mm contraction, NT release, blood clotting

Question 5

magnesium charge and function

Answer 5

cation
necessary for mm contraction and action of some enzymes

Question 6

bicarbonate charge and function

Answer 6

anion
pH

Question 7

chloride charge, location, and function

Answer 7

most abundant anion in extracellular fluids
part of HCl of stomach, regulates fluid balance, pH

Question 8

phosphate charge, location, and function

Answer 8

anion
in plasma membranes, nucleic acids, and ATP
essential in carbohydrate metabolism, bone formation, and pH

Question 9

proteins charge and location

Answer 9

most abundant anions in intracellular fluids
also abundant in blood
NOT IF since usually cannot cross capillary wall

Question 10

normal pH range for body

Answer 10

7.35-7.45

Question 11

3 systems for pH regulation

Answer 11

1. buffer systems (bicarbonate, phosphate, proteins)
2. respiration
3. kidney function (can create bicarbonate)

Question 12

acidosis vs alkalosis

Answer 12

acidosis pH below 7.35 - depresses NS - from decreased CO2 release, kidney disease, exercise (ketoacidosis)
alkalosis pH above 7.45 - excites NS - hyperventilation, vomiting

Question 13

what is the control center for thirst?

Answer 13

hypothalamus - works with Na+ sensing osmoreceptors

Question 14

4 hormones in feedback loops for fluid regulation

Answer 14

1. aldosterone (to raise BP)
2. ADH (to raise BP)
3. angiotensin II (to raise BP)
4. atrial natriuretic peptide (to lower BP)

Question 15

Aldosterone function, release

Answer 15

adrenal steroid released indirectly to raise BP by ATII
alters Na/K handling in kidney (can also work to lower K concentrations this way)

Question 16

ADH function, release

Answer 16

synthesized by hypothalamus, released by posterior pituitary
stimulated release with increased blood osmolarity sensed by osmoreceptors
causes kidneys to increase H2O reabsorption
diabetes insipidus is when this is low

Question 17

Angiotensin II function, release

Answer 17

to raise BP
sensors/control center in juxtaglomerular apparatus
cells here secrete renin in response to low BP which activates ATII
works to increase BP by constricting arterioles and stimulating thirst/ADH/aldosterone release

Question 18

renin

Answer 18

enzyme for ATII production from inactive precursors
synthesized in JG apparatus when BP is low

Question 19

atrial natriuretic peptide location and function

Answer 19

works to decrease BP
secreted by atrial myocardial cells
causes kidneys to secrete Na and H2O

Question 20

what does lack of plasma proteins result in

Answer 20

loss of osmotic pressure causing edema

Question 21

what causes edema?

Answer 21

anything that increases hydrostatic (fluid) pressure or decreases osmotic pressure
both end up increasing filtration into IF
lymph may not be able to catch up or is diseased itself causing the backup

Question 22

effusion

Answer 22

accumulation of fluid in cavity or space resulting from excess filtration

Question 23

lactated ringer solution containments and function

Answer 23

Na, K, Ca, Cl, lactate
lactate works to metabolize to buffer bicarbonate
used in cases of burns, correcting fluid loss, or administering medications

Question 24

25% serum albumin containments and function

Answer 24

has albumin concentration 5x higher than normal
works to pull fluid from IF spaces
used when proteins are low or for correcting edema