Chapter 18

Question 1

what are the borders of the nasal cavities

Answer 1

superior: ethmoid
inferior: vomer
anterior: hyaline cartilage

Question 2

vocal cords vs vestibular folds

Answer 2

vocal cords are medial producing speech (in superior larynx)
vestibular folds are additional folds laterally that do not function in speech (can be brought together to close off glottis when swallowing or when holding breath)

Question 3

glottis

Answer 3

space between the vocal cords

Question 4

lining of air passageways

Answer 4

lined with mucous membrane
membrane made of pseudostratified, ciliated columnar epithelium
with underlying lamina propria
have goblet cells to secrete mucous trapping impurities
cilia present sweep objects toward throat to be swallowed or expelled

Question 5

O2 transport

Answer 5

98% by hemoglobin, rest dissolved in plasma
generally 97% saturated in arteriole blood

Question 6

CO2 transport

Answer 6

75% as bicarbonate
15% combined with proteins
10% dissolved in plasma

Question 7

how is bicarbonate formed?

Answer 7

bicarbonate is formed when CO2 enters RBC and is converted to carbonic acid by carbonic anhydrase and then to H+ and bicarbonate
carbonic anhydrase will help to convert this back to CO2 for exhalation in the lungs

Question 8

where is the respiratory control center located?

Answer 8

medulla/pons
medulla regulates breathing pattern and gives off phrenic n (branch of CNX) to diaphragm m

Question 9

what do central and peripheral chemoreceptors sense?

Answer 9

central measures H+ ions (indicative of CO2 levels)
peripheral measures O2 levels and only come into play when O2 levels are very low

Question 10

what are the 4 factors regulating breathing?

Answer 10

1. central/peripheral chemoreceptors
2. hypothalamus
3. stretch receptors (in lung airways)
4. proprioceptors (in mm and joins responding to movement/exercise)

Question 11

dispnea

Answer 11

subjective feeling of difficulty breathing

Question 12

orthopnea

Answer 12

difficulty breathing relieved when sitting upright

Question 13

kussmaul respiration definition and cause

Answer 13

deep, rapid respiration
characteristic of acidosis with uncontrolled DM

Question 14

cheyne-stokes respiration definition and cause

Answer 14

rhythmic variation in depth of movements alternating apnea
caused by depression of breathing centers

Question 15

epistaxis

Answer 15

nosebleed

Question 16

URI examples

Answer 16

acute coryza
influenza

Question 17

LRI examples

Answer 17

RSV
croup
pneumonia

Question 18

stridor

Answer 18

squeaking noise due to narrow trachea
occurs in croup

Question 19

what is the fluid called that accumulated in alveoli in pneumonia?

Answer 19

exduate

Question 20

what is the cause of pneumocystisis pneumonia?

Answer 20

fungus P. jirovecii
occurs mostly in immunocompromised and can be treated preventatively with antimicrobial drugs

Question 21

tuberculosis key words

Answer 21

tubercles (lesions where organisms grow)
pleurisy (effusion accumulation in pleural space)
caused by bacillus mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 22

what are the 2 diseases involved with COPD?

Answer 22

chronic bronchitis (airway linings chronically inflamed/producing secretions)
emphysema: dilation/destruction of alveoli
specifically impede exhalation

Question 23

what are the guidelines to reduce incidence of SIDS?

Answer 23

baby on back, smoke-free, firm mattress, avoid overheating

Question 24

atelectasis

Answer 24

collapsed lung

Question 25

pneumothorax

Answer 25

accumulation of air in pleural space