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Physiology > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the various types of transmission methods for disease?

A

Direct Conract
Airbotn
Vehicle
Vector-born

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2
Q

What does Vehicle transmission of a disease transmit through?

A

Formites

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3
Q

What is a Formite? What type of disease transmission is this associated with?

A

Vehicle Based Transmission

Formites - Transmission through a non-living, mediator  Phone, ball, etc.… Touching the same thing that someone else did

NON LIVING

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4
Q

What is the difference between Vector Based and vehicle based transmission of disease

A

Vehicle Transmission (Formites Non-Living organism attachment)

Vector base - Needs a living organism

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5
Q

What are the 4 types of pathogens?

A

– Viruses– Bacteria– Fungi– Parasites

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6
Q

What is the difference between pathogens and toxins?

A

Pathogens- Microbes that cause disease
Toxins- Organic molecules, bacterial cells

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7
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the lymphatics?

A

Collect Large particles and tissue fluid

Transport fats from the digestive tract to the blood stream

Host Defense

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8
Q

The lymphatics main functions include Transport fats from the digestive tract to the blood stream how is this done?

A

In Chylomicrons

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9
Q

The thoracic duct for lymphatic drainage is what? and contains?

A

Larger and Longer!

BEGINS AS CISTERNA CHYLI

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10
Q

The Thoracic duct receives lymph from where? Through what major structure? and empties where?

A

Cisterna Chyli (L1/2)

Below Diaphragm
Left/ Arm, head
Neck, Thorax

Empties in to L Subclavian Vein

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11
Q

Cisterna Chyli receives lymph from?

A

R and L Lumbar trunks and intestinal trunk

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12
Q

The Right lymphatic duct receives lymph from? and drains?

A

Empties into R Subclavian vein

Right Arm, R side of head and thorax

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13
Q

The Right jugular trunk, subclavian trunk, and bronchomediastinal trunk give their lymph to where?

A

Right Lymphatic duct

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14
Q

The cervical lymph node cluster drains?

A

Head and Neck

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15
Q

The Hilar lymph node cluster drains?

A

Lungs

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16
Q

The Mediastinal lymph node cluster drains?

A

Trachea and esophaugus

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17
Q

The axillary lymph node cluster drains?

A

Upper limb, breast, skin above umbilicus

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18
Q

Celiac lymph node cluster drains?

A

Liver, stomach, spleen, pancreas, upper duodenum

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19
Q

The Superior mesenteric lymph node cluster drains?

A

Lower duodenum, jejunium, ileum, colon to splenic flexure

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20
Q

The Inferior Mesenteric lymph node cluster drains?

A

Colon, from splenchnic flexure to upper rectum

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21
Q

The internal iliac lymph node cluster drains?

A

Lower rectum to anal canal, Bladder, Vag, Cervic, Prostate

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22
Q

The para-aortic lymph node cluster drains?

A

Testesm Overies, Kidneys, Uterus

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23
Q

The Superficial Inguonallymph node cluster drains?

A

Skin below Umbilicus, scrotum, Vulva

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24
Q

The popliteal lymph node cluster drains?

A

Forsolateral foot, Posterior calf

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25
Q

The Right lymphatic duce trains?

A

Right side of the body above Diaphragm

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26
Q

What is the follicle? and what happens here

A

Site of B-cell Localization and proliferation

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27
Q

What is the responsibility of the paracortex of a lymph node?

A

House T-Cell, Contains High endothelial venules through which T &B Cells enter from the blood.

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28
Q

What happens to the paracortex during ?

A

Extreme cellular immune response

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29
Q

The spleen is what?

A

Site for immune surveillance and response

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30
Q

What does the spleen remove?

A

Debris, foreign matter, toxins, bacteria, viruses, old blood cells

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31
Q

What does the spleen Control?

A

Controls the level of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets

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32
Q

What is the difference between IL1 and IL2

A

IL1- increase nonspecific resistance to infection and development of the immune response to foreign antigens.

IL2- immunoregulatory role; itpromotes the growth and development of peripheral immune cells

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33
Q

What is IL1?

A

IL1- increase nonspecific resistance to infection and development of the immune response to foreign antigens.

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34
Q

Compliment Fixation Occurs where?

A

Spleen

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35
Q

What is Compliment Fixation part of?

A

Innate Immune System

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36
Q

In the spleen where are the T Cells found?

A

Periarteriolar Lymphatic Sheath with white pulp

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37
Q

In the spleen where are the B Cells found?

A

Follicles within the White Pulp

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38
Q

What is the Marginal Zone in the spleen? what is here?

A

Zone between Red and White Pulp.

Contains Macrophages and specialized B cells

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39
Q

Where do Antigen presenting cells capture blood born antigens?

A

In the Marginal Zone of the spleen

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40
Q

What Will splenic dysfunction display (IG?Compliment activation? Mechanism?)

A

Decrease IGM
Decrease Compliment Activation
Decrease C3b Opsinoization
Increase suspetibility to encapulsated organism

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41
Q

Postsplenectomy ? Know the weird name shit

A

Howell-Jolly Bodies (Nuclear Reminants)
Thrombocytosis
Lymphocytosis

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42
Q

What are Howell-Jolly Bodies (Nuclear Remnants)?

A

Howell-Jolly bodies are often seen when there is loss of splenic function as in congenital asplenia, after surgical removal, or in autosplenectomy in sickle cell anemia.

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43
Q

Where do T Lymphocytes Mature and are produced?

A

T cells migrate from the bone marrow to the thymus where they mature and differentiate

into different types of T cells, such as CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells.

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44
Q

Where are B lymphocytes produced? And where do they mature?

A

B lymphocytes originate in the bone marrow

Mature: In Spleen?

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45
Q

What happens in the Thymus?

A

Site of maturation of T lymphocytes takes place
Secretes hormones (thymopoietin and thymosins)
Critical role in childhood

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46
Q

What is DiGeorge Syndrome?

A

NO THYMUS

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47
Q

In Myasthenia Gravis what happens to the Thymus?

A

Enlarged

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48
Q

What is the difference between Innate and Aquired immunity?

A

Innate–> NON-specific, Inflamation, acute, COMPLIMENT FIXATION

Aquired–> SPECIFIC, based on exposure, specificity based on Memory

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49
Q

A Broadly effective, no prior exposure immune response could be classified as ?

A

Nonspecific defenses (Innate System)

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50
Q

What are the Possible Mechanism of Innate Immunity; Barriers?

A

Skin and mucous Membranes
- Epidermis, Cilia, Nose Hair

51
Q

What are the Possible Mechanism of Innate Immunity; Non-Barriers? (2)

A

Fluids
- Lacrimal apparatus
- Lysosome breakdown (Cell walls)

Chemicals
- Sebum
- Gastric Juice
-ACIDS

52
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms of innate defense?

A

Physical Barriers
Phagocytes
Immunological Surveillance
Interferons

53
Q

Interferons are released by?

A

Activated Lymphocytes, macrophages, virus infected cells

54
Q

What System and response is associated with the innate defense?

A

Compliment System
Inflammatory Response

55
Q

Fever is associated with what type of defense?

A

Innate

56
Q

Adaptive immunity system creates what type of reaction?

A

Antigens- Antibody reaction

57
Q

Adaptive immunity is medieated by what?

A

Cell-Mediated
Antibody-Mediated

58
Q

Cell-Mediated Adaptive immunity uses what type of cells? and this is effective against?

A

Cytotoxic T cells directly attack invading antigens

Effective against intracellular pathogens, some cancer cells and foreign tissue transplants

59
Q

Antibody- Mediated Adaptive immunity uses what type of cells? and this is effective against?

A

B cells transform into plasma cells making antibodies (Abs) or immunoglobulins

Works against extracellular pathogens in fluids outside cells

60
Q

Histological Capability complex (I) is associated with what type of Clusters of differentiation 4 molecule is this associated with ?

A

MHC I –> CD8 and Cytotoxic T Cells

61
Q

Histological Capability complex (II) is associated with what type of Clusters of differentiation 4 molecule is this associated with ?

A

MHC II –> CD4 + Helper T cells

62
Q

Which Histological Capability complex is associated with endogenously synthesized antigens?

A

Major Histological Capability complex, associated with CD8 cells and Cytotoxic T CElls

63
Q

The neutrophils within the Antigen-Antibody Reaction have what properties?

A

Acute inflammation
Highly mobile phagocytes
Containing bacterial killing –enzymes
Multi-lobular Nucleus

64
Q

The Monocytes within the Antigen-Antibody Reaction have what properties?

A

Migrate into peripheral tissues
Are precursors to macrophages
Highly mobile phagocytic cells
Oval, Kidney-bean Shaped Nucleus

65
Q

The Eisonphils within the Antigen-Antibody Reaction have what properties?

A

Stain with an acidic red eosin stain
Attracted to foreign compounds reacted with antibodies
2-lobed nucleus  Kill pathogens by releasing substances that kill them

66
Q

The Basophils within the Antigen-Antibody Reaction have what properties?

A

Stain with a deep purple of blue basic dye
Migrate to damaged tissue and release their granules
Release histamines
Inflammatory response; increase capillary permeability

67
Q

What are the Primary cell of the lymphatic system?

A

Lymphocytes (specific-immunity)

B-cells produce antibodies that bind foreign particles

NK cells; immunological surveyors. Always remain in circulation. Theydon’t take up residence in tissues.

68
Q

What are the 3 categories of TH Cells

A

Macrophage, IL1/2

69
Q

Macrophages activating factors lead to what and is what type of response?

A

Inflammation, Chemotaxis –> NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSE

70
Q

IL-2 activating factors lead to what and is what type of response?

A

B-Cell Clonal HUMORAL IMMUNITY

71
Q

IL-1 Activating factors lead to what and is what type of response?

A

ACTIVATING OF CYTOTOXIC T CELLS

CELLULAR IMMUNITY!

72
Q

What is the major function of B cells?

A

Recognize antigens, and undergo hypermutation to optimize antigen specificity

73
Q

What is the major function of T cells?

A

CD4+T cells help B cells make antibodies and profuced cytokines

74
Q

CD8+ T cells directly?

A

Kill virus-infected cells

75
Q

Memory T cell?

A

Antigen-specific T cells that remain long-term after an infection has been eliminated

Based on Antigen exposure, will remain dormant until needs to be reacalled

76
Q

Suppressor T cells?

A

Release lymphokine that inhibit T and B cell activity, prevents the immune system from damaging self

77
Q

Humeral immunity.. what are the 5 steps?

A

1) Immunocompetent B Cells exposed to antigen.
2) B Cell displays processed antigen fragments. Helper T Cell Binds to B cell and secretes helper factor
3) Helper factor stimulates B cell to divide repeatedly and form a cl
4) Some cells of the clone become memory B cells. Most differentiate into plasma cells
5)Plasma cells synthesize and secrete antibody

78
Q

What are the mechanisms of action of the compliment system?

A

Enhanced inflammation
Phagocytosis
Promoted by opsonization
Cytolysis

79
Q

Antigens are what, and do what?

A

Proteins (Glycoprotein ect)
Trigger an immune response

80
Q

Epitopes, do what and cant do?

A

Stimulate immune responses, can not fully provoke

81
Q

Immunogenicity propeties of antigens means?

A

Ability to provoke immune response

82
Q

What are the 2 binding sites on an antibody?

A

2 binding sites (Fragment Compliment, and FAB Antigen Binding fragment)

FC segment – Compliment (Fragment compliment)
FAB- Fork of the Y Fragment antigen binding site

83
Q

IgG EXPLAIN! (Compliment system, placents…)

A

Most common response is slow and onset, delayed or prolonged reactions, activate compliment system, cross placenta.

84
Q

IgA

A

PREVENTS ATTACHINGt of pathogens with mucosal surface

Produced in GI

Released into Tears, Breast milk, Saliva

85
Q

IgM

A

Response in acute/ immediate (2nd type of immune antigens that activate compliment system) (Can not cross placenta)

86
Q

What immunoglobis can’t cross the placenta?

A

IgA and IgM are excluded from crossing the placenta.

87
Q

What immunoglobins can activate the Compliment system?

A

IgG and IgM

88
Q

IgD

A

No one fucking knows

89
Q

IgE

A

Binds Mast Cells, Basophils–> medieating immediate Type ! hypersensitivity through inflammatory medieators (Histamine)

90
Q

A Response in allergic response binding to mast cells and basophils stimulate histamine production is associated with which immunoglobin?

A

IgE

91
Q

Which immunoglobin can transfer through the breast milk?

A

IgA

92
Q

Which immunoglobulin can Cross the placenta?

A

IgG

93
Q

How do antigens provide immunity?

A

Fragment antigen binding

94
Q

Opsonization promotes what?

A

Phagocytosis

95
Q

Neutralization/ (Activate compliment system) does what?

A

Prevent the binding of antigens with mucosal surface/ host surface–> Since antigen can’t bind with mucous surface they need to anchor to whole surface  Since they need to be over the whole surface they will be secreted.

96
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms that cells deal with antigens?

A

Opsonization, neutralization, Compliment activation

97
Q

What is Elephantiasis?

A

Blockage by parasitic worms (filariasis parasitic infection (Africa countries)  Overflow!!!

Elephantitis blocks lymph drainage.. So it overflows

98
Q

What is the classical pathway for the Compliment system?

A

IgA or IgM

99
Q

If we dont have a spleen we dont have a ?

A

Spleen out = down compliment system

100
Q

Low T Cells from a bacterial infection will show how?

A

Sepsis

101
Q

(Bruton) agammaglobulinemia is what type of cell deficency? and what are the symptoms?

A

No B-Cell Maturation

No B-Cell Maturation (Because they mature in nodes no nodes! No factory for maturation)

Decrease in all Ig’s

102
Q

Selective IgA Deficiency is what type of cell deficency? and what are the symptoms?

A

Selective – only IgA deficient!! Compliment system present

(Selective, ONLY ONE) mostly asymptomatic

found in mucous membranes, mainly in the respiratory and digestive tract, icrobial invasion and maintain immune homeostasis with the microbiota

103
Q

What is Common variable immunodeficiency?

A

Defect in B-cell Differentiation

Decrease Immunoglobulins and Plasma

104
Q

DiGeorge syndrome ?

A

Thymic aplasia (Thymus not there) / Site of maturation of T lymphocytes

105
Q

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)?

A

T & B Cell deficiency SHITTINGGGG

106
Q

Ataxia- telangiectasia

A

T & B Cell deficiency (ATM gene deficent)
(Cerebral Defects)
(Ataxia)
Spider Angiomas (Telangiectasia)
Decrease in IgA, G, E

107
Q

Hyper-IgM Syndrome

A

T & B Cell deficiency
Normal or increased IgM
Decreased IgG, IgA, IgE

108
Q

Kaposi Sarcoma

A

Cancer originates in endothelial cells of blood vessels causes purple lesions in skin

109
Q

Wiskott- Aldrich Syndrome

A

T & B Cell deficiency
Lower than normal IgG/M
Increasse IgA/E

thrombocytopenia (Bleeding disorder)
Eczema

110
Q

Failure of the immune system to distinguish self from foreignantigens. Immune systems produces antibodies against bodies is called?

A

Autoimmune Disease

111
Q

What are the 4 types of Hyper-sensitivity Reactions? (ACID)

A

Anaphylactic
Cytotoxic
Immune Complex
Delated

112
Q

Which of the types if hypersensitvity reactions are acute?

A

Anaphylactic
Cytotoxic
Immune Complex

113
Q

What is Type 1 Hyper-sensitivity Reactions? (ACID)

A

Anaphylactic and Atopic (Type I) Acute

114
Q

What is Type 2 Hyper-sensitivity Reactions? (ACID)

A

Cytotoxic (Antibody Mediated Type II) IgM, IgG (Sex = 2) Acute + antigen/antibody required

115
Q

What is Type 3 Hyper-sensitivity Reactions? (ACID)

A

Immune Complex (Type II) Acute (3 to make a 3 some) ACUTE antigen, antibody, compliment (RA)

116
Q

What is Type 4 Hyper-sensitivity Reactions? (ACID)

A

(Cell Mediated Type Iv) SLOW NOT acute like the first 3 which require the antigen/ antibody CD8 Cells NO antigen/ body reaction MS, Jewelry reaction. Transplant rejection)

117
Q

Type 2 Hyper-sensitivity Reaction can have what mechanisms, and what immunoglobulins? (ACID)

A

Cytotoxic- IgM,IgG
Bind to fixed antigens on the antigen

118
Q

Type I Hypersensitivity is a reaction mediated by? and What are these responsible for?

A

Anaphalyctic (Triggers immediate release of vasoactive amines

IgE antibodies.

Binds Mast Cells and Basophils, expose

IgE Type I hypersensitivity reaction

119
Q

Type II Hypersensitivity is mediatd by? and what type of Immunoglobins (What are their characteristics?)

A

Cytotoxic antibody mediated

IgG Main antibody in delated responses to antigen Crosses placenta, provides infant with passive immunity

IgM **Immediate response to antigens, Similar to IgG but dosent cross the Placent

120
Q

What types of hypersensitivities are antibody mediated?

A

Types I,II,III

121
Q

What are the 3 mecahisms associated with Type II hypersensitivity?

A

Opsonization
Complement system
antibody mediated

122
Q

Hypersensitivity Type III is mediated by?

A

Reaction mediated by immune complexes

Antigen, antibody -compliment

123
Q

Hypersensitivity Type IV is mediated by? Does this involve antibodies?

A

Delayed (T-Cell Mediated)

DOES NOT INVOLVE ANTIBODIES

Physiology (7 decks)

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