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Physiology > Module 4 Inflammation > Flashcards

Module 4 Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 features of Inflammation?

A

Heat
Pain
Swelling
Redness
Loss of Function

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2
Q

What are the primary Cells of acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophils

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3
Q

What are Neutrophils responsible for?

A

Phagocytosis,Acute infection andinflammation

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4
Q

What are Lymphocytes responsible for?

A

Immunity(B- Cells and T Cells Produced in Bone marrow)

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5
Q

What is the difference between B-Cells and T-Cells? What type of WBC creates these?

A

Lymphocytes
B-Cells- Produce antibodies to fight infection

T-Cells- Protect people from getting infected by destroying cancerous and infected cells

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6
Q

What Cells fight against Parasitic Infectionand Allergic reaction?

A

Eosinophils

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7
Q

What Inflammatory cell is a vasodialator and Histamine producer?

A

Basophils

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8
Q

What are the cells of Chronic infection, and what do they mature into?

A

Monocytes and they mature into macrophages

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9
Q

What are the 5 Types of WBC?

A

Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils

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10
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

process in which white blood cells come out of the blood vessels into the surrounding area (WBC–> from Blood to tissues)

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11
Q

What is Chemotaxis?

A

the directed movement of cells in a gradient of chemoattractant—is essential for neutrophils to crawl to sites of inflammation and infection

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12
Q

Bleeding and clotting profile has 3 components what are these?

A

Bleeding time (3-6 min)
Clotting time (2-8 min)
Prothrombin time

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13
Q

What are the 3 phases of HEMOStasis?

A

Platelet plug formation
Vascular spasms
Coagulation

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14
Q

What type of process is Inflammation ?

A

A protective or defensive process

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15
Q

The inflammation response involves 3 factors

A

Vascular
Neuralgic
Humoral and cellular at site of injury

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16
Q

Inflammation deals with 2 main processes what are these?

A

Destroying pathogens, and tissue repair

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17
Q

Why does an area swell when shit goes down?

A

Regional sectioning off “Quarantining” –> Blood and lymph are prevented from draining (Prevents bacteria/ virus spreading)

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18
Q

Tissue reaction
Circulatory (Hemodynamic)
Metabolic
Neurological Response
Physiological Defense and Healing reaction to a pathogenic Insult have 3 factors what are these?

A

Disposed of dead/ Dying tissue

Immobilize injured area

Compartmentalize area (confine the area so it doesn’t spread)

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19
Q

The phyiological defense and healing mechanis has a process that involves?

A

Tissue reaction
Circulatory (Hemodynamic)
Metabolic
Neurological Response

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20
Q

Pro-inflammatory cytokinestrigger ?

A

Inflammation.

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21
Q

Anti-inflammatory cytokines do what?

A

Stop or lessen inflammation. They relay messages that prevent an excessive immune response that can lead to tissue damage.

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22
Q

Pathologically what are the signs of inflammation?

A

Vasoconstriction followed by Vasodialation

Stasis, Exudation of fluid

Hyperemia

Accumulation of Leukocytes

Deposition of Fibrin

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23
Q

What are Cytokines?

A

Small proteins that are crucial in controlling the growth and activity of other immune system cells and blood cell

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24
Q

What are Pro-inflammatory cytokines ?

A

Produced predominantly by activated macrophages and are involved in the up-regulation of inflammatory reactions

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25
Q

What is the difference between pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines?

A

Some cytokines act to make disease worse (proinflammatory),

whereas others serve to reduce inflammation and promote healing (anti-inflammatory).

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26
Q

Cytokines are detected by WBC’s Who follow the chemical trail what is thic called?

A

Chemotaxis

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27
Q

What we call “scar tissue” is largely?

A

ECM and fibrin

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28
Q

Fibroblasts create?

A

ECM: Collagen, GAG, Reticular Fibres, Elastic fibres
Beta Interferon
GAG

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29
Q

What are/ what do Beta interferon’s do?

A

(sometimes referred to as interferon beta), released at the end of an immune attack,blocks the action of gamma interferon and helps to reduce inflammation and the body’s immune reaction.

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30
Q

Fibrinogen is broken down into ? and does what

A

fibrin
Fibrin reattaches the tissue

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31
Q

Fibrinogen is cleaved by ?

A

Thrombin

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32
Q

What is Thrombin?

A

Naturally occurring enzyme that converts fibrinogen into fibrin, which is an integral step in clot formation

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33
Q

Clinically what are the general signs of inflammation?

A

Heat, Swelling, Redness, Pain, Loss of function

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34
Q

What are the primary cell types in Acute and Chronic Inflammation?

A

Acute- Neutrophils
Chronic- Macrophages, Lymphocytes, Plasma

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35
Q

Macrophages are what when they are in the blood vessels?

A

Monocytes

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36
Q

When macrophages come to the tissue/ area of inury what do they do?

A

They will enlarge, and they will transform into macrophage… Monocytes are phagocytic cells that grow bigger.

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37
Q

What triggers the inflammatory response?

A

ANY functional/ structural abnormality

-Bacteria
-Burn/ injurt
-Chemical injury
Autoimmune..

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38
Q

What will lead to inflammatory/ inflammation process?

A

ANY function/ structural abnormality that interferes with the bodies natural ability to maintain homeostasis.

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39
Q

Non-immunological meechanism includes what kind of injuries?

A

Mechanical Trauma (Cuts..)
Checmical Injury
Radiation Injury
Injury due to heat or cold
Injury by living organism

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40
Q

Describe the 3 phases of the inflammarory cascade

A

1) Redness/ Warmth increases blood flow
2) Swelling/ Pain/ Loss of function increases the vascular permeability
3) Inflammatory cells migrate to tissue (Neutrophilis, Monocytes, Macrophages) “Leukocyte Infiltration”

41
Q

What are the Systemic effects of acute inflammation?

A

Decreased Appetite, Altered sleep patterns, Fever, Leukocytosis (IL1 and TNF) , T Lymphocytes

42
Q

In regardes to inflammation, the vaso-dilation concep involves what?

A

Initial transient vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation causing erythema and warmth

Histamine
Prostoglandins

43
Q

In regardes to inflammation, the Exudation -Edema concep involves what?

A

Extravasation and deposition of plasma fluid and proteins

Increase interstitial osmotic pressure

Histamine, Bradykinin, Leukotrienes

44
Q

What are the 4 events in acute inflammation?

A

Vasodilation
Increased vascular permeability
Chemotaxis
Tissue Damage

45
Q

Vasodilation in acute inflammation includes what

A

Prostaglandins
Histamine
Nitric Oxide

46
Q

Prostaglandins induce?

A

Vasodilatation

47
Q

What are Prostaglandins?

A

A group of lipids made at sites of tissue damage or infection that are involved in dealing with injury and illness.

They control processes such as inflammation, blood flow, the formation of blood clots and the induction of labour

48
Q

Unlike most hormones, which are produced by glands and transported in the bloodstream to act on distant areas of the body, the prostaglandins are produced?

A

At the site where they are needed.

49
Q

Increased Vascular Permeability in acute inflammation includes what?

A

Histamine
Anaphylatoxins c3a and c5a
Kinins
leukotrienes
Substance P

50
Q

Chemotaxis in acute inflammation includes what?

A

Complement Fragment C5a
lipoxygenase products
Chemokines

51
Q

Chemokines vs cytokines

A

Cytokines are diverse group of pro- or anti-inflammatory factors that are grouped into families

Chemokines are a group of secreted proteins within the cytokine family whose generic function is to induce cell migration

52
Q

Tissue Damage in acute inflammation includes what?

A

Lysosomal Products
O2 derived radicals
Nitric Oxide

53
Q

What are the 4 categories of cells of inflammation?

A

Circulating proteins, Vascular wall Cells, Connective tissues, ECM

54
Q

The Circulating proteins involved in the cells of inflammation include?

A

Clotting factors
Kininogens
Compliment Components

55
Q

The Vascular Wall Cells involved in the cells of inflammation include?

A

Endothelial Cells in direct contact with Blood

Smooth Muscle cells that are important for tone

56
Q

The Connective tissue Cells involved in the cells of inflammation include?

A

Mast Cells
Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Fibroblasts

57
Q

The ECM involved in the cells of inflammation include?

A

Fibrous Structural proteins (Collagen/ Elastin)
Gel forming cells
Adhesive glycoproteins (Fibronectin)

58
Q

The vascular Changes where Transudate occurs. What the fuck is this?

A

Fluids that pass through a membrane or squeeze through tissue or into the EXTRACELLULAR SPACE of TISSUES.

59
Q

The vascular Changes where Exudate
occurs. What the fuck is this?

A

Exudate is fluid that leaks out of blood vessels into nearby tissues.

60
Q

Transudate Vs Exudate

A

Exudates are fluids, CELLS, or other cellular substances that are slowly discharged from BLOOD VESSELS usually from inflamed tissues.

Transudates are fluids that pass through a membrane or squeeze through tissue or into the EXTRACELLULAR SPACE of TISSUES

61
Q

SLIDE 42 REVIEW AND DO THESE Leukocyte cellular events & exudation

A

SLIDE 42 REVIEW AND DO THESE Leukocyte cellular events & exudation

62
Q

SLIDE 42 REVIEW AND DO THESE Leukocyte cellular events & exudation

A

SLIDE 42 REVIEW AND DO THESE Leukocyte cellular events & exudation

63
Q

SLIDE 42 REVIEW AND DO THESE Leukocyte cellular events & exudation

A

SLIDE 42 REVIEW AND DO THESE Leukocyte cellular events & exudation

64
Q

What are the chemicals produced for Phagocytosis?

A

Lysozyme
Lactoferrin
Defensins
Bactericidal permeability increasing protein

65
Q

During phagocytosis once the neutrophilis/ cells out, What happens?

A

Kill invading organism, Recognize and attact, Engulf

66
Q

What is the difference between an antigen and an antibody?

A

Antigens allow your body to create a defense against future invaders. Antibodies circulate in your body once created to identify, attack, and destroy the same type of antigens if they enter the body again

67
Q

What has Y-shaped Immunoglobins
created, and binds to various antigen-biding
sites

A

Antibody

68
Q

Any molecule that triggers an immune response, and generally large and complex, making it distinguishable from self is called what?

A

Antigen

69
Q

Plasma cells produce what?

A

antibodies

70
Q

Each antibody consists of four polypeptides. What are these?

A

Two heavy chains and
Two light chains
joined to form a “Y” shaped molecule

71
Q

Antibodies are immune system-related proteins called ?

A

Immunoglobulins

72
Q

What are the Complement System’s Mechanisms of action?

A
  • Enhanced inflammation
  • Phagocytossis
  • Cytolysis
  • IMMUNE CLEARANCE! (RBCs carry Ag-Ab complexes to macrophages in liver and spleen)
73
Q

Epitopes or antigenic determinants are??

A

Regions of proteins that can trigger a cellular immune response mediated by T or B cells

74
Q

Immunogenicity is what?

A

Cells that have the ability to
provoke immune response

75
Q

What is the difference between Immunogenicity, and Epitopes?

A

Epitopes- Stimulate immune responses

Immunogenicity- Have the ability to provoke immune response

76
Q

What does a antigens Reactivity mean?

A

Ability of antigen to react specifically with antibodies it provoked

77
Q

What is Lymphadenopathy?

A

Collective term for all lymph node diseases

78
Q

What is Lymphadenitis?

A

Swollen, painful node responding to foreign antigen

79
Q

What causes Elephantiasis?

A

Blockage by parasitic worms

80
Q

What are the 7 factors that affect wound healing?

A

Protein Deficency
Carbohydrates
Fats
Vitamin A,B,C,K

81
Q

How does Vitamin A impact wound healing?

A

Epithelialization
Capillary Formation
Collagen Synthesis

82
Q

How does Vitamin B impact wound healing?

A

Cofactors in enzymatic reactions that contribute to the wound healing process

83
Q

How does Vitamin C impact wound healing?

A

Collagen Synthesis

84
Q

How does Vitamin K impact wound healing?

A

Preventing bleeding disorders

85
Q

How do protein deficencies impact wound healing?

A

Impaired Fibroblast proliferation
Impaired Collagen and protein matrix synthesis
Angiogenesis
Wound Remodeling

86
Q

What is Angiogenesis

A

The formation of new blood vessel

87
Q

How may Destructive enzymes enter extracellular space ?

A

Premature degranulation
Frustrated phagocytosis (large, flat)
Membranolytic substances (urate crystals)
Persistent leukocyte activation (RA, emphysema)

88
Q

Streptococci is part of what category of inflammation?

A

Cellulitis

89
Q

What are Carbuncles?

A

Extensive form of abscess in which pus is present in multiple loci open at the surface by sinuses
Occur in the back of the neck and the scalp

90
Q

Coagulative

A

cell death that occurs when blood flow to cells stops or slows (ischemia). It can occur anywhere in the body except the brain

91
Q

Liquefactive

A

(Cell Death/ Necrosis) characterized by partial or complete dissolution of dead tissue and transformation into a liquid, viscous mass (yellow because pus is forming)

92
Q

Caseous

A

Caseous necrosis is a type of cell death that causes tissues to become “cheese-like” in appearance. The most common cause is tuberculosis, where granulomas form in your lungs. Conditions that cause caseous necrosis are preventable and treatable.

93
Q

Two types of Infarctions

A

Reprofusion and Pale (Red and Pale)

94
Q

What is Red Infarct?

A

Hemorrhagic infarcts are infarcts commonly caused by occlusion of veins, with red blood cells entering the area of the infarct, or an artery occlusion of an organ with collaterals or dual circulation.

95
Q

White Inrfarct

A

white or pale infarcts caused by arterial occlusions, and are usually seen in the heart, kidney and spleen. These are referred to as “white” because of the lack of hemorrhaging and limited red blood cells accumulation,

96
Q

Hypertrophic Scar formation Vs Keloid Scar Formation

A

Hypertrophic scars are contained within the site of injury and may regress over time, while keloids spread beyond the borders of the initial injury and do not regress.

97
Q

Time period for Hypertrophic scars , and keloids Development

A

Hypertrophic scars develop in 1 to 2 months after injury, whereas, keloids develop months to years after the initial injury.

98
Q
A

Physiology (7 decks)

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