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Physiology > Cardio > Flashcards

Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart?

A

Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of Pericardum?

A

Fibrous, Serous

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3
Q

What is Fibrous Pericardium?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue- prevents overstreching

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4
Q

What is the P wave?

A

Cardiac A/P arises in SA node and Artial contraction (Atrial Systole)

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5
Q

What is the P-R interval?

A

A/P enters AV bundle and out over ventricles

time between atrial depolarization and ventricular depolarization

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6
Q

QRS?

A

Contraction of Ventricles/ Ventricle Systole
ventricular depolarization

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7
Q

ST Seg

A

the interval between depolarization and repolarization of the ventricles

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8
Q

T-Wave?

A

Ventricular repolarization

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9
Q

Unique characteristics of Myocytes?

A

More mitochondria, Less Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, Intercalater discs for syncytical activity (Transfer electrical impulses between them)

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10
Q

What maintains the plateau phase of a cardiac action potential?

A

Maintained depolarization because Calcium inflow

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11
Q

What does the plateau phase prevent in a cardiac contraction?

A

Prevents summation due to elongated refractory period.. NO SUMMATION CAPACITY

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12
Q

Plateau phase of the cardiac A/P is what…

A

Diastolic phase (ventricle filling)

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13
Q

How is Cardiac output calculated?

A

CO= SV X HR

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14
Q

What is Stroke Volume?

A

SV= amount of blood ejected with each heartbeat / Beat

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15
Q

What is the difference betyween SV and CO

A

SV= amount of blood ejected with each heartbeat / Beat

CO is in one minute! Amount of blood ejected / minute

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16
Q

What is preload?

A

VOLUME

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17
Q

What is Afterload

A

PRESSURE

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18
Q

What are the 3 factors that influence Stroke volume?

A

Preload, afterload, contractility

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19
Q

If there is an increase in afterload What will happen to SV?

A

Decrease in Stroke Volume

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20
Q

Vascular resistance can also be called?

A

Afterload

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21
Q

3 layers of blood vessle?

A

Tunica intima

Media: The middle layer contains elastic fibers that keep your blood flowing in one direction

Adventitia: The outer layer contains nerves and tiny vessels

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22
Q

Baroreceptors are what kind of receptors?

A

Strech!

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23
Q

Peripheral resistance is influenced by …

A

Size of lumen (Smaller lumen Greater resistance), viscosity, length of blood vessel)

24
Q

What artery is associated with the Widow maker heart attack?

A

Left Coronary artery

25
Q

The left main coronary artery supplies

A

blood to the left side of the heart muscle

26
Q

The (SA) & (AV) node arterial supply is…

A

Right coronary artery.

27
Q

What is the difference between Stable angina and Unstable angina?

A

Stable angina- Pain only on activity
Unstable Pain at rest and activity

28
Q

What is Prinzmetal angina ?

A

A coronary artery supplying blood and oxygen to your heart goes into spasm and suddenly narrows.

29
Q

What is the difference between myocardial infarction vs ischemia

A

Cardiac ischemia means that blood flow to the cardiac muscle tissue has decreased, which can lead to poor oxygen supply or hypoxia.

Myocardial infarction means that the blood flow is completely cut off, resulting in cellular death or necrosis of the affected part of the heart muscle

30
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is what? (Also called??)

A

SUDDEN DEATH!!

Condition affecting the left ventricle, the main pumping chamber of the heart. The walls of the left ventricle become thick and stiff.

31
Q

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

A

A condition where the chambers of the heart become stiff over time.

32
Q

What 2 conditions are associated with Disatolic heart failure?

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and Restrictive cardiomyopathy

33
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy…?

A

The heart chambers enlarge and lose their ability to contract. * Systolic Heart failure

34
Q

What is the 2:1 atrioventricular block

A

is a form of second-degree AV nodal block and occurs when every other P wave is not conducted through the AV node to get to the ventricles, and thus every other P wave is not followed by a QRS complex

35
Q

Ventricular Fibrillation

A

Lower heart chambers contract in a very rapid and uncoordinated manner….Irregular, chaotic, rapid fibrillatory waves

36
Q

Cardiac tamponade

A

NO KNOCK but sounds will shallow/extra fluid builds up in the space around the heart. This fluid puts pressure on the heart and prevents it from pumping well.

37
Q

Pericardial knock is associated with what?

A

Constrictive pericarditis

38
Q

Disastolic collapse of the right chamber of the heart.. is associated with what ?

A

Cardiac Tamponade

39
Q

Pericardial knock is associated with what? (and not..)

A

Present in consttrictive pericarditis and not in cardiac tamponade

40
Q

Pericardial pain is descrived as what? Whereas Myocardial ischemic pain is ?

A

Pericardial . Sharp
Myocardial- Heavy. pressure

41
Q

If there is pain, its unrelated to exercise, and relieved by leaning forward what kind of pain is present?

A

Pericardial pain

42
Q

If there is pain, its related to stable angina. exercise, and unrelated to leaning forward what kind of pain is present?

A

Myocardial Ischemic

43
Q

What is Essential Hypertension?

A

Primary hypertension is high blood pressure that is most likely caused by environmental and genetic factors. Primary hypertension is also called essential hypertension and is associated with a number of risk factors that are strongly and independently associated with it.

Risk factors for primary hypertension include:

Age (risk increases with advancing age)

Obesity

Family history

Race

44
Q

What is secondary Hypertension?

A

high blood pressure that is caused by other medical conditions. In many cases, secondary hypertension may coexist with risk factors associated with primary hypertension. Major causes of secondary hypertension include prescription medications, over the counter medications, and underlying disease process

45
Q

What is Benign Hypertension?

A

Moderate increase, little clinical effects in early stages

46
Q

What is malignant hypertension?

A

patients with elevated blood pressure (BP) and multiple complications (End organ damage) with a poor prognosis.most severe form of hypertension

47
Q

Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) ..

A

Pain
Hypotension
Pulsatile abdominal pass

48
Q

What is an Aortic Aneurysm?

A

a balloon-like bulge in the aorta,

49
Q

What is the difference between True and Psudo Aneurysm?

A

True Aneurysm
Composed of all 3 layers of vessel

Pseudo/ false
Traumatic rupture of vessel, and formation of blood-filled cavity by adventitial tissues (Only external layer dilatated)

50
Q

Seesaw appearance on an ECG?

A

Atrial flutter.

51
Q

Aorta dissection

A

Abruptly when a tear occurs in the inner layer of a weakened area of your aorta. Blood surges through the tear, causing the inner and middle layers to separate (“dissect”). As diverted blood flows between the tissue layers, the normal blood flow to parts of your body may be slowed or stopped, or the aorta may rupture completely.

52
Q

No P waves and irregular narrow QRS complexes
can be?

A

Atrial fibrillation

53
Q

What does the right coronary artery supply?

A

blood to the right ventricle, the right atrium, and the SA (sinoatrial) and AV (atrioventricular) nodes,

54
Q

What does the left coronary artery supply ?

A

Blood to the left side of the heart muscle (the left ventricle and left atrium).

55
Q
A

Physiology (7 decks)

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