Module 4.3 - Physiology of the Skeletal System Flashcards
- Name and describe the function of the contents of the medullary cavity of bone.
- Yellow bone marrow is a fat storage tissue found mainly in long bones. Red bone marrow is found primarily in short and flat bones, primarily to produce red blood cells.
What is the center length of the bone called? And what is its function?
the diaphysis and it contains the medullary cavity
- This special type of cartilage is found at joint articulations.
- articular cartilage
- Which type of bone is lighter: Spongy or compact?
- Spongy bone
- Which type of bone is usually found on the external surface of bone: Spongy or compact?
- Compact
Osteoclasts
bone absorbing cells that break down bone, remove worn cells, and deposit calcium in the blood
- True or false: Only children require calcium in their diet to promote the work of building bone.
- False
What is Endochondral ossification?
the ossification of long bones from hyaline cartilage
What is Intramembranous ossification?
the formation of flat bones from connective tissue
- This type of fracture occurs when one end of the bone is pushed inside the other.
- Impacted
- This type of arthritis causes the synovial membrane to become inflamed.
- Rheumatoid arthritis
What is unique about newborns’ bone marrow?
they have only red bone marrow that eventually converts to yellow bone marrow in long bones
What surround the medullary cavity?
spongy bone
What are the ends of each long bone called?
the distal and proximal epiphysis
What type of tissue is articular cartilage?
connective tissue
What does compact bone contain?
osteons (formerly called Haversian Systems)
How are osteons organized?
osteocytes(bone cells) in tiny chambers calledlacunaeare arranged in concentric circles around center canals
What do the central canals of osteons contain?
blood vessels and nerves
What separates the lacunae?
a matrix that contains protein fibers of collagen and mineral deposits, primarily of calcium and phosphorus salts
How is spongy bone designed for strength?
contains numerous bony bars and plates separated by irregular spaces, solid portions of spongy bone follow lines of stress.
Osteoblasts
these cells form new bone, take calcium from the blood. Eventually, some get caught in the matrix they secrete and are converted to osteocytes
Describe ossification
cartilaginous models are converted to bones when calcium salts are deposited in the matrix, first by precursor cartilaginous cells and later by bone-forming cells, called osteoblasts.
Where does Endochondral ossification begin?
at the primary ossification center in the middle of the bone
What is the process of Endochondral ossification?
Once the cartilage cells begin to die, blood vessels start to penetrate the bone to deliver osteoblasts, forming the medullary cavity. Later, secondary centers form at the ends of the bones
growth plate
A cartilaginous disk that remains between the primary ossification center and each secondary center, which can increase in length
What controls the cartilaginous disks growth and when do they stop growing?
growth hormones and sex hormone. They ossify during puberty.
What is the process of intramembranous ossification?
Flat bone formation begins with mesenchymal cells differentiating into osteoblasts at specific points within the connective tissue of the embryo. Osteoblasts begin to secrete bone tissue. Once enough bone tissue is secreted, osteoblasts develop into osteocytes.
closed fracture
aka simple fracture, occurs when the bone breaks but remains within the skin
open fracture
aka compound fracture, occurs when the bone breaks, but part of the bone shaft breaks out of the skin
greenstich fracture
occurs when bone bends and breaks, but not all the way across. Commonly occurs in children
comminuted fracture
bone is broken in more than 2 segments, typically repaired surgery
osteoarthritis
aka old age arthritis, the articular cartilage at the ends of the bones disintegrates, The two bones of the joint become rough and irregular so that it becomes painful to move the joint
Osteoporosis
a bone tissue disease. bone tissue degenerates faster than is replaced, the bones become weak. Brittle bones cause increased pain and are more likely to fracture.
