Module 4.1 - Axial Skeleton Flashcards
What is the function of the flat bones?
Produce red blood cells; protection of internal organs (skull protects the brain).
Describe the shape of a long bone and what its design allows.
Long and thin; designed to support body weight and enable movement.
Name the five basic bone shapes.
Long, flat, short, irregular, and sesamoid.
What term best describes a hollow chamber in bone, usually filled with air?
Sinus.
True or false: A sulcus is a raised ridge in bone.
False.
What division of the skeleton lies along the midline?
Axial.
What are the purpose of fontanelles?
To allow infant skull to compress during childbirth and a rapidly growing brain.
What two bones of the cranium lie primarily within the skull?
The sphenoid and the ethmoid bones.
True or false: The frontal bone is a paired bone of the cranium.
False.
Which bone contains the foramen magnum?
The occipital bone.
What is the purpose of the foramen magnum?
The spinal cord passes to become the brain stem.
Terminology for openings in bone to allow for nerves, blood supply, or a passageway?
Foramen, canal, fissure.
Sinusitis is an infection of the _______________.
Sinuses.
Terminology for elevations in bone?
Process, ramus.
What is the function of the nasal conchae?
The nasal conchae act to swirl the air as it is breathed in through the nasal passages, helping to warm and humidify the air before it enters the lower respiratory system.
What are the only unpaired bones of the facial skeleton?
The mandible and the vomer.
What bone forms the anterior portion of the hard palate?
The maxilla.
Terminology for processes or projections for tendon or ligament attachment?
Trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle, crest, line, spine.
True or false: A typical spine is completely straight when standing vertically.
False.
True or false: The vertebral body is located anteriorly and can be palpated along the surface of the back.
False (located anteriorly, but the spinous processes are the structures that can be palpated along the surface of the back).
The vertebrae fit together to protect the __________, located in the vertebral canal.
The spinal cord.
True or False: A typical thoracic vertebra has a bifid spinous process.
False.
What is the purpose of transverse foramina in cervical spinal vertebrae?
Passage of vertebral arteries and veins.
What region of the spine contains costal facets?
Thoracic.
What is the purpose of costal facets?
Articulations with ribs.
Which region of the spine has the largest vertebral bodies?
Lumbar.
The line along the midline of the sacrum is called the
Median sacral crest.
True or False: Ribs 11 and 12 have no posterior attachment to the thoracic vertebrae.
False.
Terminology for processes designed for articulation with adjacent bones?
Head, neck, condyle, trochlea, facet.
Terminology for depressions in bone?
Fossa, sulcus.
What type of bones form the skull? And how many are there?
22 bones in total: 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones.
What is the sphenoid bone?
Completes the sides of the skull, it also contributes to the floors and walls of the eye sockets.
What is the ethmoid bone?
Lies in front of the sphenoid, is a part of the orbital wall and, in addition, is a component of the nasal septum, its grooves form the middle and superior nasal conchae.
What is mastoiditis?
Condition that can lead to deafness, is an inflammation of the mastoid sinuses.
What are foramina?
Many functions, such as passage for blood vessels, nerves, and the spinal cord.
What is the carotid canal?
Opening of the temporal bone for the internal carotid artery.
What are maxillae?
Upper jaw, forms the anterior portion of the hard palate and contains the infraorbital foramen.
What are palatine bones?
Make up the posterior portion of the hard palate and floor of the nasal cavity.
What is the lacrimal bone?
Thin, scale-like bone, lies between an ethmoid bone and a maxillary bone.
What is the vomer?
Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone.
Describe the cervical vertebrae.
C1-C7: long spinous process with a bifid tip that splits into two parts posteriorly (except for C1). The cervical vertebral bodies are small, and the vertebral foramen are large. They have transverse foramina for the passage of the vertebral arteries and vertebral veins.
Describe the thoracic vertebrae.
T1-T12: long, thin spinous process that points down w/ no split. The vertebral bodies medium-sized and contain facets for rib articulations. The transverse processes have costal facets for rib articulations (except T11 and T12).
Describe the lumbar vertebrae.
L1-L5: shorter spinous process, broader, points posteriorly. The vertebral bodies are the largest, enabling it to support the body’s weight. Transverse processes are shorter. The vertebral foramen are the smallest and triangular-shaped.
What are the functions of the skeleton?
To protect vital organs, allow for structure/movement, and produce red blood cells.
What is stored in bones?
Inorganic calcium and phosphorus salts.
How do bones allow for movement?
Provide sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons.
What is the function of a sesamoid bone?
Small and round for reinforcing tendons.
What are bone landmarks?
Distinct markings, ridges, grooves, or holes.
What function do bone landmarks serve?
May allow for tendons to attach, indicate where nerves/blood vessels run alongside the bone or penetrate the bone.
What does the axial skeleton consist of?
Skull, vertebral column, sternum, laryngeal skeleton, and thoracic cage.
What are the 14 facial bones?
Mandible, maxilla(2), zygomatic bones(2), vomer, palatine bones(2), lacrimal bones(2), ethmoid bones(2), inferior nasal conchae(2).
What are articular facets?
Allow adjacent vertebrae to articulate with each other.
How do the sacrum and coccyx function together?
Provide pelvic stability because they have attachment sites for many ligaments and tendons which anchor to the pelvis.
What is the coccyx?
Comprised of 4 to 5 fused vertebrae (fuse by age 25).
What is the sacrum?
5 fused bones at the base of the spine, its base is the widest portion, which articulates with L5.
Which are the floating ribs and why are they called this?
Ribs 11 and 12 are named this because they don’t attach to the sternum.
Which ribs connect directly to the sternum?
Ribs 1 through 7.
What about ribs 8 through 10?
Connect to sternum by the cartilage shaft of rib 7.
